Assessing the Family Functioning of Inner-City African-American Families Living With Schizophrenia With the McMaster Family Assessment Device

REFERENCES

• Al-Krenawi , A. and Graham , J.R. 2004 . Somatization among Bedouin-Arab women: Differentiated by marital status . Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 42 ( 1–2 ) : 131 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Alston , R.J. and Turner , W.L. 1994 . A family strengths model of adjustment to disability for African American clients . Journal of Counseling and Development , 7 March/April : 378 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Askey , R. , Gamble , C. and Gray , R. 2007 . Family work in first-onset psychosis: A literature review . Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , 14 : 356 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baronet , A.-M. 1999 . Factors associated with caregiver burden in mental illness: A critical review of the research literature . Clinical Psychology Review , 19 ( 7 ) : 819 – 841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrowclough , C. and Hooley , J.M. 2003 . Attributions and expressed emotion: A review . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 : 849 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrowclough , C. and Tarrier , N. 1990 . Social functioning in schizophrenic patients: I. The effects of expressed emotion and family intervention . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 25 : 125 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauml , J. , Frobose , T. , Kraemer , S. , Rentrop , M. and Pitschel-Walz , G. 2006 . Psychoeducation: A basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families . Schizophrenia bulletin , 32 ( Supplement 1 ) : S1 – S9 .
   Google Scholar
• Billingsley , A. 1990 . “ Understanding African-American family diversity ” . In The state of black America , Edited by: Dewart , J. 85 – 108 . New York : National Urban League, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Brekke , J. and Barrio , C. 1997 . Cross-ethnic symptom differences in schizophrenia: The influence of culture and minority status . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 23 ( 2 ) : 305 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G.W. , Birley , J.L.T. and Wing , J.K. 1972 . Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication . British Journal of Psychiatry , 121 : 241 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J.-L. , Kennedy , C. , Kools , S. , Slaughter , R.E. , Franck , L. , Kong , S.K.F. Wong , T.K.S . 2003 . Culturally appropriate family assessment: Analysis of the Family Assessment Device in a pediatric Chinese population . Journal of Nursing Measurement , 11 ( 1 ) : 41 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Connery , L. and Brekke , J. 1999 . A home-based family intervention for ethnic minorities with a mentally ill member . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 17 ( 1/2 ) : 149 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Corcoran , J. 2001 . Multi-systemic influences on the family functioning of teens attending pregnancy prevention programs . Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal , 18 ( 1 ) : 37 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Dale , O. , Smith , R. , Norlin , J.M. and Chess , W.A. 2006 . Human behavior and the social environment: Social systems theory , 5 , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , N.B. , Baldwin , L.M. and Bishop , D.S. 1983 . The McMaster Family Assessment Device . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 9 ( 2 ) : 171 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann , M.S. , McDermut , W.H. , Solomon , D.A. , Ryan , C.E. , Keitner , G.I. and Miller , I.W. 1997 . Family functioning and mental illness: A comparison of psychiatric and nonclinical families . Family Process , 36 : 357 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , G.J. , Kondrat , D.C. , Lee , M.-S. , Clement , J. , Siebert , H. , Mentzer , R.A. Pinnell , S.R. 2006 . A solution-focused approach to case management and recovery with consumers who have a severe mental disability . Families in Society , 87 ( 3 ) : 339 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , G.J. , Lee , M.-S. and Hoffpauir , S. 2005 . The language of empowerment and strenghts in clinical social work: A constructivist perspective . Families in Society , 86 ( 2 ) : 267 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnaccia , P.J. and Parra , P. 1996 . Ethnicity, social status, and families’ experiences of caring for a mentally ill family member . Community Mental Health Journal , 32 ( 3 ) : 243 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield , A.B. 1997 . Families of adults with severe mental illness: New directions in research . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 67 ( 2 ) : 254 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , R.B. 1972 . The strength of black families , New York : Emerson Hall Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , R.B. 1998 . Enhancing the resilience of African American families . Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment , 1 ( 2/3 ) : 49 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Hines , P.M. and Boyd-Franklin , N. 2005 . “ African-American families ” . In Ethnicity and family therapy , 3rd , Edited by: McGoldrick , M. , Giordano , J. and Garcia-Preto , N. 87 – 100 . New York, NY : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hooley , J.M. 1985 . Expressed emotion: A review of the critical literature . Clinical Psychology Review , 5 : 119 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz , A.V. and Reinhard , S.C. 1995 . Ethnic differences in caregiving duties and burden among parents and siblings of persons with severe mental illnesses . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 ( 2 ) : 138 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , E.D. 1998 . The effect of family functioning and family sense of competence on people with mental illness . Family Relations , 47 ( 4 ) : 443 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , S.L. , Roth , D. and Jones , P.K. 1995 . Effect of demographic and behavioral variables on burden on caregivers of chronic mentally ill persons . Psychiatric Services , 46 ( 2 ) : 141 – 145 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabacoff , R.I. , Miller , I.W. , Bishop , D.S. , Epstein , N.B. and Keitner , G.I. 1990 . A psychometric study of the McMaster Family Assessment Device in psychiatric, medical, and nonclinical samples . Journal of Family Psychology , 3 ( 4 ) : 431 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh , D.J. 1992 . Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 601 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazarian , S.S. 2005 . Family functioning, cultural orientation, and psychological well-being among university students in Lebanon . Journal of Social Psychology , 145 ( 2 ) : 141 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keitner , G.I. , Fodor , J. , Ryan , C.E. , Miller , I.W. , Bishop , D.S. and Epstein , N.B. 1991 . A cross-cultural study of major depression and family functioning . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 36 : 254 – 259 . May
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , C. , Kools , S. , Kong , S.K.F. , Chen , J.-L. , Franck , L. and Wong , T.K.S. 2004 . Behavioural, emotional and family functioning of hospitalized children in China and Hong Kong . International Nursing Review , 51 ( 1 ) : 34 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King , C. , Hovey , J.D. , Brand , E. , Wilson , R. and Ghaziuddin , N. 1997 . Suicidal adolescents after hospitalization: Parent and family impacts on treatment follow-through . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 ( 1 ) : 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kung , W.W. 2003 . The illness, stigma, culture, or immigration? Burdens on Chinese American caregivers of patients with schizophrenia . Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services , 84 ( 4 ) : 547 – 557 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leff , J. and Vaughn , C. 1985 . Expressed emotion in families: Its significance for mental illness , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Lefley , H.P. 1998 . Families, culture, and mental illness: Constructing new realities . Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes , 61 ( 4 ) : 335 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdoo , H.P. 1998 . “ African-American families: Strengths and realities ” . In Resiliency in ethnic minority families: African-American families , Edited by: McCubbin , H.I. , Thompson , E.A. , Thompson , A.I. and Futrell , J.A. Vol. 3 , 17 – 30 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• McCubbin , H.I. , McCubbin , M.A. and Thompson , A.I. 1995 . “ Resiliency in ethnic families: A conceptual model for predicting family adjustment and adaptation ” . In Resiliency in ethnic minority families: Native and immigrant American families , Edited by: McCubbin , H.I. , Thompson , A.I. and McCubbin , A.I. 3 – 48 . Madison : University of Wisconsin System .
   Google Scholar
• McCubbin , H.I. , Thompson , A.I. and McCubbin , M.A. 1996 . Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice , Madison : University of Wisconsin Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , I.W. , Bishop , D.S. , Epstein , N.B. and Keitner , G.I. 1990 . A psychometric study of the McMaster Family Assessment Device in psychiatric, medical, and nonclinical samples . Journal of Family Psychology , 3 ( 4 ) : 431 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , I.W. , Epstein , N.B. , Bishop , D.S. and Keitner , G.I. 1985 . The McMaster Family Assessment Device: Reliability and validity . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 11 ( 4 ) : 345 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , I.W. , Ryan , C.E. , Keitner , G.I. , Bishop , D.S. and Epstein , N.B. 2000 . The McMaster Approach to families: Theory, assessment, treatment and research . Journal of Family Therapy , 22 : 168 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , T.M. 1990 . Culturally sensitive family assessment: An evaluation of the Family Assessment Device used with Hawaiian-American and Japanese-American families . Family Process , 29 : 105 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabors , N. , Seacat , J. and Rosenthal , M. 2002 . Predictors of caregiver burden following traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 16 ( 12 ) : 1039 – 1050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrocelli , J.V. , Calhoun , G.B. and Glaser , B.A. 2003 . The role of general family functioning in the quality of the mother-daughter relationship of female African American juvenile offenders . Journal of Black Psychology , 29 ( 4 ) : 378 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.A. , Vraniak , D.A. , Cook , J.A. and Cohler , B.J. 1993 . Strength in adversity: Blacks bear burden better than whites . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 24 ( 4 ) : 460 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfarb , I.S. , Bellack , A.S. , Aziz , N. , Kratz , K.M. and Sayers , S. 2004 . Race, family interaction, and patient stabilization in schizophrenia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 113 ( 1 ) : 109 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Saleebey , D. 1996 . The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extentions and cautions . Social Work , 41 : 296 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , J.C. 2003 . Families living with severe mental illness: A literature review . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 24 : 175 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solomon , P. and Draine , J. 1995 . Subjective burden among family members of mentally ill adults: Relation to stress, coping, and adaptation . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 65 ( 3 ) : 419 – 427 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taha , A.B. , Baharuddin , R. , Mazlan , M. , Yaccob , J.B.M. , Hamdan , S.K. and Hussin , Z. 2005 . The family environment and family functioning of school-going adolescents with conduct problems . International Medical Journal , 12 ( 1 ) : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Turkum , A.S. , Kiziltas , A. , Biyik , N. and Yemenici , B. 2005 . The investigation of university students’ perceptions about family functioning . EDAM Egitim Danismanligi Ve Arastirmalari Merkezi , 5 ( 1 ) : 253 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , W.L. and Alston , R.J. 1994 . The role of the family in psychosocial adaptation to physical disabilities for African American families . Journal of the National Medical Association , 86 ( 12 ) : 915 – 921 .
   Google Scholar
• Ünal , S. , Kaya , B. , Çekem , B. , Özisik , H.I. , Çakil , G. and Kaya , M. 2004 . Family functioning in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and epilepsy . Türk psikiyatri dergisi , 15 ( 4 ) : 291 – 299 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services (1993). Disturbance ethnicity and economic status of South Central Los Angeles [Online]. http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/cityinstress/medical/part11.html (Accessed: 13 December 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Weick , A. and Saleebey , D. 1995 . Supporting family strengths: Orienting policy and practice toward the 21st century . Families in Society , 76 ( 3 ) : 141 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D.R. and Fenton , D.T. 1999 . “ The mental health of African Americans: findings, questions, and directions ” . In Handbook of black American health—The mosaic of conditions, issues, policies, and prospects , Edited by: Livingston , I. L. 253 – 268 . Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , S.E. and Finger Wright , D. 1992 . Empowerment: The strengths of black families revisited . Journal of Multicultural Social Work , 2 ( 4 ) : 23 – 36 .
   Google Scholar