Both/And: employing the tenets of cultural competence and cultural humility when working with Black women with depression

References

• Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40(4), 219–221. doi:10.1503/jpn.150205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anxiety & Depression Association of America. (2022). Women and depression. https://adaa.org/find-help-for/women/depression
   Google Scholar
• The Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority. (2022, March 24). What does it mean to be culturally competent? https://wehearyou.acecqa.gov.au/2014/07/10/what-does-it-mean-to-be-culturally-competent/#_ftn1
   Google Scholar
• Azzopardi, C., & McNeill, T. (2016). From cultural competence to cultural consciousness: Transitioning to a critical approach to working across differences in social work. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 25(4), 282–299. doi:10.1080/15313204.2016.1206494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, R. K., Mokonogho, J., & Kumar, A. (2019). Racial and ethnic differences in depression: Current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 603–609. doi:10.2147/NDT.S128584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, J. N. (2018). Restoring optimal Black mental health and reversing intergenerational trauma in an era of Black lives matter. Biography, 41(4), 895–908. doi:10.1353/bio.2018.0084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal, G., & Scharron-Del-Rio, M. R. (2001). Are empirically supported treatments valid for ethnic minorities? Toward an alternative approach for treatment research. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(4), 328–342. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.7.4.328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnett-Zeigler, I. (2021). Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen: The emotional lives of Black women. New York, NY: Amistad.
   Google Scholar
• Carrington, C. H. (2006). Clinical depression in African American women: Diagnoses, treatment, and research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(7), 779–791. doi:10.1002/jclp.20289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Depression among women. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Colby, S. L., & Ortman, J. M. (2015). Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population: 2014 to 2060. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, C. R., George, M. S., & Sackeim, H. A. (2017). Toward an evidence-based, operational definition of treatment-resistant depression: When enough is enough. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 9–10. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (2015). Educational policy and accreditation standards. https://www.cswe.org/getattachment/Accreditation/Standards-and-Policies/2015-EPAS/2015EPASandGlossary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (2022). Educational policy and accreditation standards. https://www.cswe.org/accreditation/info/2022-epas/
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139, 139–167.
   Google Scholar
• Crowe, S., Creswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1), Article 100. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danso, R. (2018). Cultural competence and cultural humility: A critical reflection on key cultural diversity concepts. Journal of Social Work, 18(4), 410–430. doi:10.1177/1468017316654341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. (1997). Consumer driven standards and guidelines in managed mental health for populations of African descent: Final report on cultural competence. rockville, Md: Center for Mental Health services.
   Google Scholar
• Everett, J. E., Camille Hall, J., & Hamilton-Mason, J. (2010). Everyday conflict and daily stressors: Coping responses of black women. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 25(1), 30–42. doi:10.1177/0886109909354983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Borne, M., Cain, J. M., & Martin, S. L. (2015). From mastery to accountability: Cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competence. Social Work Education: The International Journal, 34(2), 165–181. doi:10.1080/02615479.2014.977244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geronimus, A., Hicken, M., Pearson, J., Seashols, S., Brown, K., & Cruz, T. (2010). Do US black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging?: A novel theory and first population-based test of BlackWhite differences in telomere length. Human Nature, 21(1), 19–38. doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9078-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, D. J., Harvey, A. R., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2009). Advancing the Africentric paradigm shift discourse: Building toward evidence-based Africentric interventions in social work practice with African Americans. Social Work, 54(3), 243–252. doi:10.1093/sw/54.3.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glicken, M. D. (2010). Social work in the 21st century: An introduction to social welfare, social issues, and the profession (2nd ed.). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Greene-Moton, E., & Minkler, M. (2020). Cultural competence or cultural humility? Moving beyond the debate. Health Promotion Practice, 21(1), 142–145. doi:10.1177/1524839919884912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health intervention: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 43(4), 531–548. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, K. B., Bradford, L. D., Hall, S. P., & Belton, A. S. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms and resiliency among African American women in a community-based primary health care center. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24(4), 79–93. doi:10.1353/hpu.2014.0012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hook, J. N., Davis, D., Owen, J., & DeBlaere, C. (2017). Cultural humility: Engaging diverse identities in therapy. American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/0000037-000
   Google Scholar
• Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353–366. doi:10.1037/a0032595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269–277. doi:10.1037/cou0000114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I a woman: Black women and feminism. South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hook, J. N., Watkins, C. E., Jr., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Ramos, M. J. (2016). Cultural humility in psychotherapy supervision. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 70(2), 149–166. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2016.70.2.149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, V., Delva, S., Nkimbeng, M., Spaulding, E., Turkson-Ocran, R., Cudjoe, J., Ford, A., Rushton, C., D’ Aoust, R, & Han, H. (2020). Not missing the opportunity: Strategies to promote cultural humility among future nursing faculty. Journal of Professional Nursing, 36(1), 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2019.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ira, P. (2020, July 29). Black women are the most protected and disrespected people in society. Medium.com. https://medium.com/equality-includes-you/black-women-are-the-most-unprotected-and-disrespected-people-in-society-9a093b621b6f.
   Google Scholar
• Jani, J. S., Osteen, P., & Shipe, S. (2016). Cultural competence and social work education: Moving toward assessment of practice behaviors. Journal of Social Work Education, 52(3), 311–324. doi:10.1080/10437797.2016.1174634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jani, J. S., Pierce, D., Ortiz, L., & Sowbel, L. (2011). Access to intersectionality, content to competence: Deconstructing social work education diversity standards. Journal of Social Work Education, 47(2), 283–301. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2011.200900118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, H. L., Cross, W. E., Jr., & DeFour, D. C. (2007). Race-related stress, racial identity attitudes, and mental health among Black women. The Journal of Black Psychology, 33(2), 208–231. doi:10.1177/0095798407299517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E., Heuy, S. J., Jr., & Rubenson, M. (2018). Cultural competence in therapy with African Americans. In C. L. Frisby & W. T. O’Donohue (Eds.), Cultural competence in applied psychology (pp. 557–573). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_22
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, L. P., Oden, T., Muñoz, R. F., Robinson, A., & Leavitt, D. (2002). Adapted cognitive behavioral group therapy for depressed low-income African American women. Community Mental Health Journal, 38(6), 497–504. doi:10.1023/a:1020884202677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., & Hoberman, H. M. (1989). The coping with depression course: Review and future directions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21(4), 470–493. doi:10.1037/h0079846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo Clinic. (2019). Depression in women: Understanding the gender gap. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression/art-20047725
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, R. S., Filteau, M. J., Martin, L., Patry, S., Carvalho, A., Cha, D. S., Barakat, M, & Miguelez, M. (2014). Treatment-resistant depression: Definitions, review of the evidence, and algorithmic approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongelli, F., Georgakopoulous, P., & Pato, M. T. (2020). Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States. Focus Psychiatry Online, 18(1), 16–24. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motro, D., Evans, J. B., Ellis, A. P. J., & Benson, L., III. (2021). Race and reactions to women’s expressions of anger at work: Examining the effects of the “Angry Black Woman” stereotype. Advance online publication The Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(1), 142–152. doi:10.1037/apl0000884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers. (2015). Standards and indicators for cultural competence in social work practice. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=PonPTDEBrn4%3D
   Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers. (2021). Code of ethics: 2021 amendments. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=UyXb_VQ35QA%3d&portalid=0
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T., Ernst, S. C., Tirado, C., Fisse, J. L., & Moreno, O. (2021). Psychological distress and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological services among Black women: The role of past mental health treatment. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(2), 527–537. doi:10.1007/s40615-021-00983-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, T., Shahid, N. N., & Cardemil, E. V. (2020). Do I really need to go see somebody?: Black women’s perceptions of help-seeking for depression? The Journal of Black Psychology, 46(4), 263–286. doi:10.1177/0095798420931644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaidis, C., Timmons, V., Thomas, M. J., Waters, A. S., Wahab, S., Mejia, A., & Mitchell, S. R. (2010). “You don’t go tell white people nothing”: African American women’s perspectives on the influence of violence and race on depression and depression care. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1470–1476. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuru-Jeter, A., Dominguez, T., Hammond, W., Leu, J., Skaff, M., Egerter, S., & Braveman, P. (2009). “It’s the skin you’re in”: African American women talk about their experiences of racism: An exploratory study to develop measures of racism for birth outcome studies. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(1), 29–39. doi:10.1007/s10995-008-0357-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas, S. (2021). Effective therapy with Black women. American Psychological Association CE Corner, 52(8), 38. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/11/ce-therapy-black-women
   Google Scholar
• Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. (2008). U.S. population projects: 2005–2050. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2008/02/11/us-population-projections-2005-2050/
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, A., Proctor, E. K., & Livne, S. (1985). Planning and direct practice. The Social Service Review, 59(2), 161–177. doi:10.1086/644281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, T. K. (2018). Invisible visits: Black middle-class women in the American healthcare system. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. (2016). Practicing cultural humility. https://ct.counseling.org/2016/12/practicing-cultural-humility/
   Google Scholar
• Sohail, Z., Bailey, R. H., & Richie, W. D. (2014). Misconceptions of depression in African Americans. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5(Article 65), 1–3. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens-Watkins, D., Perry, B., Pullen, E., Jewell, J., & Oser, C. B. (2014). Examining the associations of racism, sexism, and stressful life events on psychological distress among African-American women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(4), 561–569. doi:10.1037/a0036700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturmey, P. (2009). Behavioral activation is an evidence-based treatment for depression. Behavior Modification, 33(6), 818–829. doi:10.1177/0145445509350094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Improving cultural competence. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series No. 59. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14–4849.
   Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., & Holder, A. (2008). Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 39(3), 329–336. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., Nadal, K. L., Capodilupo, C. M., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., & Rivera, D. P. (2008). Racial microaggressions against Black Americans: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 330–338. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00517.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wait, R., & Killian, P. (2009). Perspectives about depression: Explanatory models among African-American women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 323–333. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2008.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker-Barnes, C. (2017). When the bough breaks: The StrongBlackWoman and the embodiment of stress. In S. Y. Evans, K. Bell, & N. K. Burton (Eds.), Black women’s mental health: Balancing strength and vulnerability (pp. 43–56). SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, Q. L. (2021). Living in between: A grounded theory study of depression among middle-class Black women. The Journal of Black Psychology, 48(2), 139–172. doi:10.1177/00957984211036541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, Q. L., & Shepard Payne, J. (2016). Missing the mark: Cultural expressions of depressive symptoms among African-American women and men. Social Work in Mental Health, 14(6), 637–657. doi:10.1080/15332985.2015.1133470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, E., & Brown, R. L. (2015). A culturally adapted depression intervention for African American adults experiencing depression: Oh Happy Day. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(1), 11–22. doi:10.1037/ort0000027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, E., Clark, L., & Heidrich, S. (2009). African American women’s beliefs, coping behaviors, and barriers to seeking mental health services. Qualitative Health Research, 19(11), 1589–1601. doi:10.1177/1049732309350686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, E., & Heidrich, S. (2009). African American women’s beliefs about mental illness, stigma, and preferred coping behaviors. Research in Nursing & Health, 32(5), 480–492. doi:10.1002/nur.20344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, E., Wiltshire, J. C., Detry, M. A., & Brown, R. L. (2013). African American men and women’s attitude toward mental illness, perceptions of stigma, and preferred coping behaviors. Nursing Research, 62(3), 185–194. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e31827bf533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weersing, V. R., Jeffreys, M., Do, M. C. T., Schwartz, K. T., & Bolano, C. (2017). Evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 11–43. doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1220310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(4), 466–485. doi:10.1177/0022146518814251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Gonzalez, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(3), 305–315. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20–58. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar