Documented Outcomes for Older Adults in Intergenerational Programming: A Scoping Review

References

• Aday, R. H., Rice, C., & Evans, E. (1991). Intergenerational partners project: A model linking elementary students with senior center volunteers. The Gerontologist, 31(2), 263–266. doi:10.1093/geront/31.2.263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aday, R. H., Sims, C. R., McDuffie, W., & Evans, E. (1996). Changing children’s attitudes toward the elderly: The longitudinal effects of an intergenerational partners program. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 10(2), 143–151. doi:10.1080/02568549609594897
   Google Scholar
• Administration on Aging. (2016). A profile of older Americans: 2016. Retrieved from https://www.acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2016-Profile.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Andreoletti, C., & Howard, J. L. (2018). Bridging the generation gap: Intergenerational service-learning benefits young and old. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 39(1), 46–60. doi:10.1080/02701960.2016.1152266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
   Google Scholar
• Au, A., Ng, E., Garner, B., Lai, S., & Chan, K. (2015). Proactive aging and intergenerational mentoring program to promote the well-being of older adults: Pilot studies. Clinical Gerontologist, 38(3), 203–210. doi:10.1080/07317115.2015.1008116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J. R., Webster, L., Lynn, N., Rogers, J., & Belcher, J. (2017). Intergenerational programs may be especially engaging for aged care residents with cognitive impairment: Findings from the Avondale intergenerational design challenge. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias®, 32(4), 213–221. doi:10.1177/1533317517703477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12(1), 67–92. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.000435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, S., Haskell, W., Ho, P., Paffenbarger, R., Vranizan, K., & Farquhar, J. (1985). Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiment. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 122, 794–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blieszner, R., & Artale, L. M. (2001). Benefits of intergenerational service-learning to human services majors. Educational Gerontology, 27(1), 71–87. doi:10.1080/036012701750069058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, G. (1998). Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Brink, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., Lum, O., Heersema, P., Adey, M., & Rose, T. L. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 37–43.
   Google Scholar
• Camp, C. J., Judge, K. S., Bye, C. A., Fox, K. M., Bowden, J., Bell, M., & Mattern, J. M. (1997). An intergenerational program for persons with dementia using montessori methods. Gerontologist, 37(5), 688–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canedo-García, A., García-Sánchez, J. N., & Pacheco-Sanz, D. I. (2017). A systematic review of the effectiveness of intergenerational programs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi, A. (1984). Contact hypothesis and inter-age attitudes: a field study of cross-age contact. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 74–80. doi:10.2307/3033890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, C. A. (2010). An intergenerational e-mail pal project on attitudes of college students toward older adults. Educational Gerontology, 37(1), 27–37. doi:10.1080/03601270903534804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chippendale, T. (2013). Elders’ life stories: Impact on the next generation of health professionals. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2013(8). doi:10.1155/2013/493728
   Google Scholar
• Chung, J. C. (2009). An intergenerational reminiscence programme for older adults with early dementia and youth volunteers: Values and challenges. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 23(2), 259–264. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00615.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2005). Conceptualization of agitation: Results based on the Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory and the agitation behavior map- ping instrument. International Psychogeriatrics, 8(S3), 309–315. doi: 10.1017/S1041610297003530
   Google Scholar
• Cordella, M., Radermacher, H., Huang, H., Browning, C. J., Baumgartner, R., De Soysa, T., & Feldman, S. (2012). Intergenerational and intercultural encounters: Connecting students and older people through language learning. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 10(1), 80–85. doi:10.1080/15350770.2012.646536
   Google Scholar
• Council for Third Age. (2012). An intergenerational learning program in Singapore. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 10(1), 86–92. doi:10.1080/15350770.2012.646566
   Google Scholar
• Culhane, J., & Frantz, A. B. (2007). An interdisciplinary oral history initiative. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 71(6), 124. doi:10.5688/aj7106124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, S. M., Williams, M. M., & Ellis, R. A. (2002). Impact of an intergenerational program on 4th graders’ attitudes toward elders and school behaviors. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 6(3), 91–107. doi:10.1300/J137v06n03_06
   Google Scholar
• Dabelko-Schoeny, H., Phillips, G., Darrough, E., DeAnna, S., Jarden, M., Johnson, D., & Lorch, G. (2014). Equine-assisted intervention for people with dementia. Anthrozoös, 27(1), 141–155. doi:10.2752/175303714X13837396326611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellmann-Jenkins, M. (1997). A senior-centered model of intergenerational programming with young children. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 16(4), 495–506. doi:10.1177/073346489701600407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMichelis, C., Ferrari, M., Rozin, T., & Stern, B. (2015). Teaching for wisdom in an intergenerational high-school-English class. Educational Gerontology, 41(8), 551–566. doi:10.1080/03601277.2014.994355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVore, S., Winchell, B., & Rowe, J. M. (2016). Intergenerational programming for young children and older adults: An overview of needs, approaches, and outcomes in the United States. Childhood Education, 92(3), 216–225. doi:10.1080/00094056.2016.1180895
   Google Scholar
• Diana, B., Villani, D., Muzio, M., & Riva, G. (2012). La validazione italiana della Flow State Scale - FSS [Italian validationof the Flow State Scale]. In M. Muzio, G. Riva, & L. Argenton (Eds.), Flow, benessere e prestazione eccellente. Dai modelli teorici alle applicazioni nello sport e in azienda [Flow, well-being and peak performance. From theory to practice in sport and management] (pp. 127 – 141). Milan : Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll, G., & Bolender, B. (2010). Age to age: Resident outcomes from a kindergarten classroom in the nursing home. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 8(4), 327–337. doi:10.1080/15350770.2010.520614
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, L. T., Murty, S. A., Ingram, J. G., Evans, R. J., & Power, J. R. (2004). Intergenerational service-learning in five cohorts of students: Is attitude change robust? Educational Gerontology, 30(1), 39–55. doi:10.1080/03601270490248446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlman, K., Ligon, M., & Moriello, G. (2014). The impact of intergenerational oral history on perceived generativity in older adults. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 12(1), 40–53. doi:10.1080/15350770.2014.870865
   Google Scholar
• Fair, C. D., & Delaplane, E. (2015). “It is good to spend time with older adults. You can teach them, they can teach you”: Second grade students reflect on intergenerational service learning. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(1), 19–26. doi:10.1007/s10643-014-0634-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C., McGill, S., Seeman, T., Xue, Q. L., Frick, K., … Rebok, G. W. (2013). Experience Corps: A dual trial to promote the health of older adults and children’s academic success. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 36(1), 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, B. M., & Godfrey, F. (2007). Intergenerational exercise addresses the public health issue of obesity. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 5(1), 79–94. doi:10.1300/J194v05n01_06
   Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, Y., Sakuma, N., Ohba, H., Nishi, M., Lee, S., Watanabe, N., … Amano, H. (2009). REPRINTS: Effects of an intergenerational health promotion program for older adults in Japan. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 7(1), 17–39. doi:10.1080/15350770802628901
   Google Scholar
• Gaggioli, A., Morganti, L., Bonfiglio, S., Scaratti, C., Cipresso, P., Serino, S., & Riva, G. (2014). Intergenerational group reminiscence: A potentially effective intervention to enhance elderly psychosocial wellbeing and to improve children’s perception of aging. Educational Gerontology, 40(7), 486–498. doi:10.1080/03601277.2013.844042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, P., & Carey, K. (2012). Connecting with the well-elderly through reminiscence: Analysis of lived experience. Educational Gerontology, 38(8), 576–582. doi:10.1080/03601277.2011.595312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Generations United (2018). Shared sites. Retrieved from https://www.gu.org/what-we-do/public-policy/shared-sites/
   Google Scholar
• George, D. R. (2011). Intergenerational volunteering and quality of life: Mixed methods evaluation of a randomized control trial involving persons with mild to moderate dementia. Quality of Life Research, 20(7), 987–995. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9837-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griff, M., Lambert, D., Dellmann‐Jenkins, M., & Fruit, D. (1996). Intergenerational activity analysis with three groups of older adults: Frail, community-living, and Alzheimer’s. Educational Gerontology: An International Quarterly, 22(6), 601–612. doi:10.1080/0360127960220607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenewald, T. L., Tanner, E. K., Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C., Xue, Q. L., Parisi, J. M., … Seeman, T. E. (2015). The Baltimore experience corps trial: Enhancing generativity via intergenerational activity engagement in later life. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(4), 661–670. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualano, M. R., Voglino, G., Bert, F., Thomas, R., Camussi, E., & Siliquini, R. (2018). The impact of intergenerational programs on children and older adults: A review. International Psychogeriatrics, 30(4), 451–468. doi:10.1017/S104161021700182X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A. H., & Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Volunteering is associated with delayed mortality in older people: Analysis of the longitudinal study of aging. Journal of Health Psychology, 10(6), 739–752. doi:10.1177/1359105305057310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley, G. A. (1988). Measures of psychosocial development. Odessa, FL: PAR.
   Google Scholar
• Hedges, M. (2017). The new caregivers. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/health/drugs-supplements/info-2017/opiates-addiction-grandparents-raising-grandchildren.html
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez, C. R., & Gonzalez, M. Z. (2008). Effects of intergenerational interaction on aging. Educational Gerontology, 34(4), 292–305. doi:10.1080/03601270701883908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann, D. S., Sipsas-Herrmann, A., Stafford, M., & Herrmann, N. C. (2005). Benefits and risks of intergenerational program participation by senior citizens. Educational Gerontology, 31(2), 123–138. doi:10.1080/03601270590891522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D. S. (1986). Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-report delinquency measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2(4), 293–327.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, H. L., Wang, H. H., & Lin, H. S. (2013). Effectiveness of supervised intergenerational service learning in long-term care facilities on the attitudes, self-transcendence, and caring behaviors among nursing students: A quasi-experimental study. Educational Gerontology, 39(9), 655–668. doi:10.1080/03601277.2012.734159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow statescale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18 (1), 17 – 35. 18 17-35 doi:10.1123/jsep.18.1.17
   Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E. (2011). Where have we been and where are we going? content analysis of evaluation research of intergenerational programs. Journal Of Intergenerational Relationships, 9(1), 37-52. doi:10.1080/15350770.2011.544594
   Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E. (2017). Intergenerational care partnerships: Determining costs, effectiveness, and utility. Report to Generations United and the AARP Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E. (2019). Brief: survey of shared site intergenerational programs. Retrieved from https://www.gu.org/app/uploads/2019/01/Intergenerational-Brief-Shared-Site-Survey-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E., & Bruno, K. (2007). Shared site intergenerational programs: a case study. Journal Of Applied Gerontology, 26(3), 239-257. doi:10.1177/0733464807300225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E., & Smith, C. L. (2010). The complement of research and theory in practice: Contact theory at work in nonfamilial intergenerational programs. The Gerontologist, 51(1), 112-121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E., Smith, C. L, & Weintraub, A P. (2008). Development of a standardized tool for intergenerational programming: the intergenerational observation scale. Journal Of Intergenerational Relationships, 6(4), 433-447.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrott, S. E., Stremmel, A. J., & Naar, J. J. (2019). Practice that transforms intergenerational programs: a model of theory- and evidence-informed principles. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships.
   Google Scholar
• Kambara, M., Higuchi, K., & Shimizu, N. (1982). Development of locus of control scale: reliability and validation. The Japanese Journal Of Educational Psychology, 30, 302–307. doi:10.5926/jjep1953.30.4_302
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, M., & Larkin, E. (2004). Launching intergenerational programs in early childhood settings: A comparison of explicit intervention with an emergent approach. Early Childhood Education Journal, 31(3), 157–163. doi:10.1023/B:ECEJ.0000012133.71718.2b
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, M. S. (2001). School-based intergenerational programs. Hamburg, Germany: UNESCO Institute for Education.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, M. S. (2003). Intergenerational activities sourcebook. In Penn State Extension. Retrieved from https://aese.psu.edu/extension/intergenerational/curricula-and-activities/intergenerational-activities-sourcebook
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Lee, J. (2018). Intergenerational program for nursing home residents and adolescents in Korea. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44(1), 32–41. doi:10.3928/00989134-20170908-03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. S. (1989). A study of social activities and ego integrity of the aged. Health and Nursing, 1, 31–50.
   Google Scholar
• Koyano, W., Shibata, H., Nakazato, K., Haga, H., & Suyama, Y. (1991). Measurement of competence: reliability and validity of the tmig index of competence. Archives Of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 13, 103–116. doi:10.1016/0167-4943(91)90053-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laney, J. D., Wimsatt, T. J., Moseley, P. A., & Laney, J. L. (1999). Children’s ideas about aging before and after an integrated unit of instruction. Educational Gerontology, 25(6), 531–547. doi:10.1080/036012799267602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia geriatric center morale scale: A revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30(1), 85–89. doi:10.1093/geronj/30.1.85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, G. E. (2007). Scale development of free nursing home-adjustment for the elderly. Journal Of Korean Academy Of Nursing, 37, 736–743. doi: 10.4040/jkan.2007.37.5.736
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H. H., Kim, E. J., & Lee, M. K. (2003). A validation study of korea positive and negative affect schedule: The panas scales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 935–946.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, G. T. Y., de Jong Gierveld, J., & Lam, L. C. W. (2008). Validation of the Chinese translation of the 6-item De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale in elderly Chinese. International Psychogeriatrics, 20(6), 1262–1272. doi:10.1017/S1041610208007552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. C., Dai, Y. T., Huang, L. H., Wang, S. C., & Huang, G. S. (2017). Creative approach for successful aging: A pilot study of an intergenerational health promotion program. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(11), 1799–1807. doi:10.1111/ggi.12963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logsdon, R. G., Gibbons, L. E., McCurry, S. M., & Teri, L. (1999). Quality of life in Alzheimer’s disease: Patient and caregiver reports. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 5, 21–32.
   Google Scholar
• Lohman, H., Griffiths, Y., Coppard, B. M., & Cota, L. (2003). The power of book discussion groups in intergenerational learning. Educational Gerontology, 29(2), 103–115. doi:10.1080/713844284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, L. F., Russell, F., McDonald, T., & Kauffman, A. (2015). Grandfriends, an intergenerational program for nursing-home residents and preschoolers: A randomized trial. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 13(3), 227–240. doi:10.1080/15350770.2015.1067130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., & de St Aubin, E. D. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1003. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell, J., & Naylor, P. J. (2016). Feasibility of an intergenerational-physical-activity leadership intervention. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 14(3), 220–241. doi:10.1080/15350770.2016.1195247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, T. (2013). Measurement features of a long-term care quality of life (LTC-QoL) assessment scale. Journal of Care Services Management, 7(3), 76–86. doi:10.1179/1750168714Y.0000000026
   Google Scholar
• Meshel, D. S., & McGlynn, R. P. (2004). Intergenerational contact, attitudes, and stereotypes of adolescents and older people. Educational Gerontology, 30(6), 457–479. doi:10.1080/03601270490445078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montorio, I., & Izal, M. (1991). Cuestionario de estereotipos de la vejez. Universidad Auto#noma de Madrid: [Question- naire on stereotypes towards old age]. Working edition. Unpublished. Facultad de Psicologia.
   Google Scholar
• Montoro-Rodriguez, J., & Pinazo, S. (2005). Evaluating social integration and psychological outcomes for older adults enrolled at a university intergenerational program. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 3(3), 65–81. doi:10.1300/J194v03n03_05
   Google Scholar
• Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J., Rozario, P. A., & Tang, F. (2003). Effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(3), S137–S145. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.S137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motl, R., Dishman, R., Saunders, R., Dowda, M., Felton, G., & Pate, R. (2001). Measuring enjoyment of physical activity in adolescent girls. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 21(2), 110–117. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00326-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murayama, Y., Ohba, H., Yasunaga, M., Nonaka, K., Takeuchi, R., Nishi, M., … Fujiwara, Y. (2015). The effect of intergenerational programs on the mental health of elderly adults. Aging & Mental Health, 19(4), 306–314. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.933309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, S. (1989). A history of intergenerational programs. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20(3–4), 1–16. doi:10.1300/J274v20n03_01
   Google Scholar
• Newman, S., Karip, E., & Faux, R. B. (1995). Everyday memory function of older adults: The impact of intergenerational school volunteer programs. Educational Gerontology, 21(6), 569–580. doi:10.1080/0360127950210603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, S., & Ward, C. (1993). An observational study of intergenerational activities and behavior change in dementing elders at adult day care centers. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 36(4), 321–333. doi:10.2190/7PN1-L2E1-ULU1-69FT
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niino, N., Kawakami, N., & Imaizumi, T. (1991). A Japanese translation of the geriatric depression scale. Clinical Gerontologist, 10, 85–87.
   Google Scholar
• Noguchi, Y. (1991). Social support for the elderly: The concept and its measurement. Social Gerontology, 34, 37–48.
   Google Scholar
• Park, A. (2015). The effects of intergenerational programmes on children and young people. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 2(1), 1–5. doi:10.4172/1234-3425.1000118
   Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28(1), 1–20. doi:10.1007/BF01086714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1998). The temporal satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(2), 340–354. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, C. K., & Weatherby, K. (2011). Feasibility of an intergenerational tai chi program: A community-based participatory research project. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 9(1), 69–84. doi:10.1080/15350770.2011.544215
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, J., Pearce, P. F., Ferguson, L. A., & Langford, C. A. (2016). Understanding scoping reviews: Definition, purpose, and process. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(1), 12–16. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, N. A., Speer, P. W., & McMillan, D. W. (2008). Validation of a brief sense of community scale: confirmation of the principal theory of sense of community. Journal Of Community Psychology, 36(1), 61–73. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934. doi:10.1002/ejsp.v38:6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigram, D. (1987). A clarification of the constructs of ageism and age stereotypes in non-experimental and experimental paradigms. Unpublished honours thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Stern, M. J., Krohn, B. D., & Ardoin, N. (2011). Development and validation of scales to measure environmentalresponsibility, character development, and attitudes toward school. Environmental Education Research, 17, 91–111. doi:10.1080/13504621003692891
   Google Scholar
• Prezza, M., Trombaccia, F., & Armento, L. (1997). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Italian translation and validation. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 223, 35 – 44.
   Google Scholar
• Reisberg, B. (1988). Functional assessment staging (fast). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24(4), 653–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, K. (2001). The Play Observation Scale (POS) (rev.). College Park, University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Sakurai, R., Yasunaga, M., Murayama, Y., Ohba, H., Nonaka, K., Suzuki, H., … Rebok, G. W. (2016). Long-term effects of an intergenerational program on functional capacity in older adults: Results from a seven-year follow-up of the REPRINTS study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 64, 13–20. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamon, M. J., & Conte, V. A. (1984). Life satisfaction in the elderly scale (LSES). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. (1997). Seven-day physical activity recall. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, S89–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, J., Buono, M., Roby, J., Micale, F., & Nelson, J. (1993). Sevenday recall and other physical activity self-reports in children and adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25, 99–108. doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, M., Butts, D. M., Hatton-Yeo, A., Henkin, N. A., Jarrott, S. E., Kaplan, M. S., ... Weintraub, A. P. C. (2007). Intergenerational programmes towards a society for all ages. Social Studies Collection, 23. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.145.9564&rep=rep1&type=pdf
   Google Scholar
• Santini, S., Tombolesi, V., Baschiera, B., & Lamura, G. (2018). Intergenerational programs involving adolescents, institutionalized elderly, and older volunteers: Results from a pilot research-action in Italy. BioMed Research International, 2018(1), 1-14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasanuma, S. (1998). Higher level of cognitive function among healthy older adults and demented older adults. Japanese Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 503–516.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, K., Ratcliffe, S. J., Perez, A., Earley, D., Bowman, C., & Lipman, T. H. (2017). Dance for health: An intergenerational program to increase access to physical activity. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 37, 29–34. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2017.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalbach, E., & Kiernan, S. (2002). Effects of an intergenerational friendly visit program on the attitudes of fourth graders toward elders. Educational Gerontology, 28(3), 175–187. doi:10.1080/036012702753542490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. P., Reifman, A., Mulsow, M., & Feng, D. (2003). Program evaluation of “Young at Heart” examining elderly volunteers’ generativity. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 1(3), 25–33. doi:10.1300/J194v01n03_03
   Google Scholar
• Seefeldt, C. (1987). The effects of preschoolers' visits to a nursing home. The Gerontol- Ogist, 27, 228–232. doi:10.1093/geront/27.2.228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segrist, K. (2004). Assessing impact of service-learning project on older, isolated adults in rural America. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 2(2), 51–66. doi:10.1300/J194v02n02_04
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh, J.I., & Yesavage, J.A. (1986). Geriatric depression scale (gds): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology, 56, 509–513. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232513931_Geriatric_Depression_Scale_(GDS)_Recent_evidence_and_development
   Google Scholar
• Shinagawa, F., Kobayashi, S., Fujita, K., & Maekawa, H. (1990). Manual for the Japanese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha Co., Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Short-DeGraff, M. A., & Diamond, K. (2006). Intergenerational program effects on social responses of elderly adult day care members. Journal of Educational Gerontology, 22(5), 467–482. doi:10.1080/0360127960220506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skropeta, C. M., Colvin, A., & Sladen, S. (2014). An evaluative study of the benefits of participating in intergenerational playgroups in aged care for older people. BMC Geriatrics, 14(1), 109. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiteri, D. (2016). What do older people learn from young people? Intergenerational learning in ‘day centre’ community settings in Malta. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 35(3), 235–253. doi:10.1080/02601370.2015.1132278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryker, S., & Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory. In C. Lindzey & E. Aron-son (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., pp. 311–378). New York, NY: Random.
   Google Scholar
• Stubblefield, J. L. K. P. (2000). Changing students’ perceptions of aging: The impact of an intergenerational service learning course. Educational Gerontology, 26(7), 611–621. doi:10.1080/03601270050200617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, M., Shibazaki, S., Hashimoto, S., Kawakami, N., Tamakoshi, A., Ojima, T., & Nagai, M. (2000). Evaluation of social activities of the elderly in 27 regions with use of the “check list for vivid social activities.” Japanese Journal Of Public Health (Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi), 936–944.
   Google Scholar
• Teh, L., & Terry, D. (2005). Foster grandparent program. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 3(1), 79–84. doi:10.1300/J194v03n01_07
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, E. H., Jr, & Weaver, A. J. (2015). Making connections: The legacy of an intergenerational program. The Gerontologist, 56(5), 909–918. doi:10.1093/geront/gnv064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Togari, T., & Yamazaki, Y. (2005). Examination of the reliability and factor validity of 13-item five-point version sense of coherence scale. Japanese Journal Of Health and Human Ecology, 71(4), 168–182. doi: 10.3861/jshhe.71.168
   Google Scholar
• Van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(5), S308–S318. doi:10.1093/geronb/55.5.S308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veritas Health Innovation. (2018). Covidence. Retrieved from https://covidence.org
   Google Scholar
• Watamori, T., Hara, H., Miyamori, T., & Eto, F. (2002). The Japanese version of the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Tokyo: Chiba test center.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D, Clark, L.A, & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The panas scales. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, R. H., Naar, J. J., & Jarrott, S. E. (2017). Using Contact Theory to Assess Staff Perspectives on Training Initiatives Of an Intergenerational Programming Intervention. The Gerontologist. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx194
   Google Scholar
• Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal Of Adult Development, 10(1), 13–22. doi:10.1023/A:1020782619051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. The International Journal Of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 163–183. doi:10.2190/AG.65.2.d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel, P., & Rensen, S. (2000). Changes in attitudes among children and elderly adults in intergenerational group work. Educational Gerontology, 26(6), 523–540. doi:10.1080/03601270050133883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whoqol Group. (1995). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Social science & medicine, 41(10), 1403–1409.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, A.M., Tang, C.S., & Yan, E.C. (2005). Post-retirement voluntary work and psychological functioning among older Chinese in Hong Kong. Journal Of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 20(1), 27–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yesavage, J. A. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 37–39.
   Google Scholar
• Zammuner, V. L. (2008). Social and emotional loneliness: the results of five studies. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 3(2), 108–120.
   Google Scholar