Managing the degree of exfoliation and number of graphene layers using probe sonication approach

References

• Geim, A. K., and Novoselov, K. S. (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater., 6(3): 183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morozov, S. V., Novoselov, K. S., Katsnelson, M. I., Schedin, F., Elias, D. C., Jaszczak, J. A., and Geim, A. K. (2008) Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys. Rev. Lett., 100: 016602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Zhang, Q., Chen, D., and Lu, P. (2010) Enhanced mechanical properties of grapheme-based poly (vinyl alcohol) composites. Macromolecules, 43: 2357–2363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudin, K. N., Scuseria, G. E., and Yakobson, B. I. (2001) C 2 F, BN, and C nanoshell elasticity from ab initio computations. Phys. Rev. B., 64(23): 235406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, C. D., Rajendran, S., and Liew, K. M. (2006) Equilibrium configuration and continuum elastic properties of finite sized graphene. Nanotechnology, 17(3): 864.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciesielski, A., and Samorì, P. (2014) Graphene via sonication assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Chem. Soc. Rev., 43(1): 381–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, U., O'Neill, A., Lotya, M., De, S., and Coleman, J. N. (2010) High-concentration solvent exfoliation of graphene. Small, 6(7): 864–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, Y., Nicolosi, V. Lotya, M., Blighe, F. M., Sun, Z. Y., De, S., Mcgovern, I. T., Holland, B., Bryne, M., Gunko, Y. K., Boland, J. J., Niraj, P., Duesberg, G., Krishnamurthy S., Goodhue, R., Hutchison, J., Scardaci, V., Ferrari, A. C., and Coleman, J. N. (2008) High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat. Nanotechnol., 3(9): 563–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noroozi, M., Zakaria, A., Radiman, S., and Wahab, Z. A. (2016) Environmental synthesis of few layers graphene sheets using ultrasonic exfoliation with enhanced electrical and thermal properties. PloS One, 11(4): e0152699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero-Contreras, J., and Caballero-Briones, F. (2015) Graphene oxide powders with different oxidation degree prepared by synthesis variations of the hummers method. Mater. Chem. Phys., 153: 209–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, M., Thorpe, D., Adamson, D. H., and Schniepp, H. C. (2012) Methods of graphite exfoliation. J. Mater. Chem., 22(48): 24992–25002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuilla, T., Bhadra, S., Yao, D., Kim, N. H., Bose, S., and Lee, J. H. (2010) Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci., 35(11): 1350–1375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M. L., Park, C. Y., Meng, Z. D., Zhu, L., Choi, J. G., Ghosh, T., Kim, I. J., Yang, S., Bae, M. K., Zhang, F. J., and Oh, W. C. (2013) Characterization of graphene nanosheets as electrode material and their performances for electric double-layer capacitors. Fuller. Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct., 21(6): 525–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoller, M. D., Park, S., Zhu, Y., An, J., and Ruoff, R. S. (2008) Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett., 8(10), 3498–3502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. T., Perkins, F. K., Snow, E. S., Wei, Z., and Sheehan, P. E. (2008) Reduced graphene oxide molecular sensors. Nano Lett., 8(10): 3137–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capelo-Martinez, J. L. (2009) Ultrasound in Chemistry: Analytical Applications. Weinheim: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. N. (2012) Acc. Chem. Res., 46(1): 14–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abro, M. (2015) Modelling the exfoliation of graphite for production of graphene. PhD diss., Sweden: Uppsala University.
   Google Scholar
• Xia, Z. Y., Pezzini, S., Treossi, E., Giambastiani, G., Corticelli, F., Morandi, V., Zanelli, A., Bellani V., and Palermo, V. (2013) The exfoliation of graphene in liquids by electrochemical, chemical, and sonication‐assisted techniques: A nanoscale study. Adv. Funct. Mater., 23(37): 4684–4693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullity, B. D. (1972) Introduction to X-ray Diffraction. Boston: Addison & Wesley Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Guler, O. Guler, S. H., Selen, V., Albayrak, M. G., and Evin, E. (2016) Production of graphene layer by liquid-phase exfoliation with low sonication power and sonication time from synthesized expanded graphite. Fuller. Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct., 24(2): 123–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gayathri, S., Jayabal, P., Kottaisamy, M., and Ramakrishnan, V. (2014) Synthesis of few layer graphene by direct exfoliation of graphite and a Raman spectroscopic study. AIP Adv., 4(2): 027116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni, Z., Wang, Y., Yu, T., and Shen, Z. (2008) Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene. Nano Res., 1(4): 273–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, A. C. (2007) Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: disorder, electron –phonon coupling, doping and non adiabatic effects. Solid State Commun., 143 (1): 47–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, A. C., and Basko, D. M. (2013) Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol., 8(4): 235–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwan, J., Ulrich, S., Batori, V., Ehrhardt, H., and Silva, S. R. P. (1996) Raman spectroscopy on amorphous carbon films. J. Appl. Phys., 80(1): 440–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, I., and Khare, A. (2014) Multi-and few-layer graphene on insulating substrate via pulsed laser deposition technique. Appl. Surf. Sci., 317: 1004–1009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhtar, S., Rubino, S., and Leifer, K. (2012) A simple TEM method for fast thickness characterization of suspended graphene fl akes. Microsc. Microanal., 22(1): 250–256.
   Google Scholar