Fullerenes in Chinese Ink Sticks (“Sumi”)

REFERENCES AND NOTES

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• The results of fullerene analysis of Sumi may be underestimated due to the occlusion of fullerenes within the glue-protected colloid particles .
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• In the dye house, black dyeing is performed on a red cloth rather than on a white cloth. Traditional entertainer women, ‘Maiko’ of Gion, Kyoto, paint their lips black with sumi before applying rouge. Although the exact reason for the synergic effect between red and black colors is still not understood, it probably arises from as yet unidentified sensing characteristics of human eyes .
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• Even though powdered samples of fullerenes C60, and C70 may appear black due to random reflection of light from the irregular particle surfaces, they develop characteristic colors when rubbed against an object. In the practice of calligraphy, a Sumi stick is pressed and rubbed many times onto a hard ink-slab with water and the resulting fine suspension of Sumi particles in colloidal form is spread onto paper with a brush. A freshly prepared suspension is always used. This writing process produces thin film of soot particle on the surface of paper, an ideal situation for a color enhancer to work .
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• Nowadays, “Kō-Ka-Boku” no longer contains safflower pigment, probably due to unstable supply, but this Sumi brand is allegedly produced from the soot of unidentified mineral oil. Disagreements in the fullerene contents between “Ko-Ka-Boku” and anthracene oil soot (Table 1) remain to be investigated .
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• It should be mentioned that the technical details have generally been kept secret before the modern era .
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