The Effects of Low-Frequency Environmental-Strength Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Review of the Literature

References

• Adey W. R. The influences of impressed electrical fields at EEG frequencies on brain and behaviour. Behavior and Brain Electrical Activity, N. Burch, H. L. Altshuler. Plenum, New York 1976; 363–390
   Google Scholar
• Akerstedt T., Arnetz B., et al. A 50-Hz electromagnetic field impairs sleep. J. Sleep Res. 1999; 8: 77–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawin S. M., Gavalas-Medici R. J., et al. Effects of modulated very high frequency fields on specific brain rhythms in cats. Brain Res. 1973; 58: 365–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker R. O. Electromagnetic forces and life processes. MIT Tech. Rev. 1972; 75: 32–38
   Google Scholar
• Becker R. O., Marino A. A. Electromagnetism & Life. State University of New York Press, Albany 1982
   Google Scholar
• Bell G. B., Marino A. A., et al. Human sensitivity to weak magnetic fields. Lancet 1991; 338: 1521–1522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell G. B., Marino A. A., et al. Alterations in brain electrical activity caused by magnetic fields: detecting the detection process. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1992a; 83: 389–397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell G. B., Marino A. A., et al. Electrical states in the rabbit brain can be altered by light and electromagnetic fields. Brain Res. 1992b; 570: 307–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell G. B., Marino A. A., et al. Frequency-specific responses in the human brain caused by electromagnetic fields. J. Neurol. Sci. 1994a; 123: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell G. B., Marino A. A., et al. Frequency-specific blocking in the human brain caused by electromagnetic fields. Neuroreport 1994b; 5: 510–512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrubba S., Frilot C., et al. Detection of nonlinear event-related potentials. J. Neurosci. Meth. 2006; 157: 39–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrubba S., Frilot C., et al. Evidence of a nonlinear human magnetic sense. Neuroscience 2007a; 144: 356–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrubba S., Frilot C., et al. Nonlinear EEG activation by low-strength low-frequency magnetic fields. Neurosci. Lett. 2007b; 417: 212–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrubba S., Frilot C., et al. Magnetosensory evoked potentials: consistent nonlinear phenomena. Neurosci. Res. 2008; 60: 95–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrubba, S., Marino, A. A. (In press). The effects of cellphone electromagnetic fields on brain electrical activity: a critical review of the literature. Pathophysiology.
   Google Scholar
• Cook C. M., Thomas A. W., et al. Resting EEG is affected by exposure to a pulsed ELF magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 25: 196–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook C. M., Thomas A. W., et al. Resting EEG effects during exposure to a pulsed ELF magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26: 367–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook M. R., Graham C., et al. A replication study of human exposure to 60-Hz fields: effects on neurobehavioral measures. Bioelectromagnetics 1992; 13: 261–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crasson M., Legros J. J., et al. 50 Hz magnetic field exposure influence on human performance and psychophysiological parameters: two double-blind experimental studies. Bioelectromagnetics 1999; 20: 474–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crasson M. 50–60 Hz electric and magnetic field effects on cognitive function in humans: a review. Radiat Protect. Dosimetry 2003; 106: 333–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crasson M., Legros J.-J. Absence of daytime 50 Hz, 100 μTrms magnetic field or bright light exposure effect on human performance and psychophysiological parameters. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26: 225–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson J., St. Pierre T., et al. Changes in paroxysmal brainwave patterns of epileptics by weak-field magnetic stimulation. Bioelectromagnetics 2000a; 21: 94–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson J., St. Pierre T. G., et al. Analysis of EEG data from weak-field magnetic stimulation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Brain Res. 2000b; 868: 386–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller M., Dobson J., et al. On the sensitivity of the human brain to magnetic fields: evocation of epileptiform activity. Brain Res. Bull. 1995; 36: 155–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller M., Wilson C. L., et al. On the confirmation of an effect of magnetic fields on the interictal firing rate of epileptic patients. Brain Res. Bull. 2003; 60: 43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavalas R. J., Walter D. O., et al. Effect of low-level, low-frequency electric fields on EEG and behavior in Macaca nemestrina. Brain Res. 1970; 18: 491–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghione S., Del Seppia C., et al. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on electroencephalographic alpha activity, dental pain threshold and cardiovascular parameters in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2005; 382: 112–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, C., Cohen, H. D., et al. (1987). A double-blind evaluation of 60-Hz field effects on human performance, physiology, and subjective state. Interaction of Biological Systems with Static and ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields, Springfield, VA, NTIS.
   Google Scholar
• Graham C., Cook M. R., et al. Dose response study of human exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1994; 15: 447–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham C., Cook M.R. Human sleep in 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1999; 20: 277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heusser K., Tellschaft D., et al. Influence of an alternating 3-Hz magnetic field with an induction of 0.1 mT on chosen parameters of a human occipital EEG. Neurosci. Lett. 1997; 239: 57–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolomytkin O. V., Dunn S., et al. Glycoproteins bound to ion channels mediate detection of electric fields: a proposed mechanism and supporting evidence. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28: 379–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyskov E. B., Juutilainen J., et al. Effects of 45-Hz magnetic fields on the functional state of the human brain. Bioelectromagnetics 1993; 14: 87–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyskov E., Sandstrom M., et al. Provocation study of persons with perceived electrical hypersensitivity and controls using magnetic field exposure and recording of electrophysiological characteristics. Bioelectromagnetics 2001; 22: 457–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manger P. R., Pettigrew J. D. Ultrastructure, number, distribution and innervation of electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the bill skin of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. Brain Behav. Evol. 1996; 48: 27–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino A. A., Bell G. B., et al. Low-level EMFs are transduced like other stimuli. J. Neurol. Sci. 1996; 144: 99–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino A. A., Frilot C. Comment on “Proposed test for detection of nonlinear responses in biological preparations exposed to RF energy. Bioelectromagnetics 2003; 24: 70–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino A. A., Nilsen E., et al. Consistent magnetic-field induced changes in brain activity detected by recurrence quantification analysis. Brain Res. 2002; 951: 301–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino A. A., Nilsen E., et al. Localization of electroreceptive function in rabbits. Phys. Behav. 2003; 79: 803–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino A. A., Nilsen E., et al. Effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on brain electrical activity in human subjects. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004; 115: 1195–1201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesse R. M., Williams G. C. Evolution and the origins of disease. Sci. Amer. 1998; 279: 86–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartucci F., Bonfiglio L., et al. Changes in pain perception and pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials in humans produced by exposure to oscillating magnetic fields. Brain Res. 1997; 769: 362–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens P. Affective response to 5 microT ELF magnetic field-induced physiological changes. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28: 109–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel A. W., Szamier R. B. Special cutaneous receptor organs of fish: IV. Ampullary organs of the nonelectric catfish Kryptopterus. J. Morphol. 1969; 128: 291–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker M. M., Diebel C. E., et al. Structure and function of the vertebrate magnetic sense. Nature 1997; 390: 371–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber C. L., Jr., Zbilut J. P. Dynamical assessment of physiological systems and states using recurrence plot strategies. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994; 76: 965–973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J., Yan G., et al. Comparison of effects of 5 and 20 Hz magnetic field on brain responses. Space Med. Med. Eng. (Beijing) 1997; 10: 157–162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar