Malignant cell characterization via mathematical analysis of bio impedance and optical properties

References

• Adrian, F. J., D. M. Serachitopol, N. McKinnon, R. L. Price, E. N. Atkinson, D. D. Cox, C. E. MacAulay, R. R. Richards-Kortum, M. Follen, and B. M. Pikkula. 2007. Fluorescence and reflectance device variability throughout the progression of a phase II clinical trial to detect and screen for cervical neoplasia using a fiber optic probe. J. Biomed. Opt. 12:034015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, A., Z. Mahmoud, A. Natour, F. Mustafa, and T. A. Rizvi. 2018. Electrical characterization of normal and cancer cells. IEEE Acc. 6:25979–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alander, J. T., I. Kaartinen, A. Laakso, T. Pätilä, V. V. Thomas Spillmann, M. V. Tuchin, and V. Petri. 2012. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. J. Biomed. Img. 2012:7.
   Google Scholar
• Alfano, R. R., J. H. Ali, W. Wang, and M. Zevallos. “Detecting human cancer through spectral optical imaging using key water absorption wavelengths“. U.S. Patent 7,706,862, issued April 27, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Alfano, R. R., A. K. SingaraveluGanesan, and Y. Yuanlong. “Detection of cancer and precancerous conditions in tissues and/or cells using native fluorescence excitation spectroscopy“. U.S. Patent 6,091,985, issued July 18, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Aminzadeh, R., M. Saviz, and A. A. Shishegar (2014, May). Dielectric properties estimation of normal and malignant skin tissues at millimeter-wave frequencies using effective medium theory. In 2014 22nd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE) (pp. 1657–61). Tehran, Iran: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• An, J., J. Lee, S. H. Lee, J. Park, and B. Kim. 2009. Separation of malignant human breast cancer epithelial cells from healthy epithelial cells using an advanced dielectrophoresis-activated cell sorter (DACS). Anal Bioanal Chem 394:801–09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artemov, D., N. M. BaasilOkollie, and Z. M. Bhujwalla. 2003. MR molecular imaging of the Her‐2/neu receptor in breast cancer cells using targeted iron oxide nanoparticles. Magn. Reson. Med. 49:403–08. doi:10.1002/mrm.10406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asami, K., and T. Yonezawa. 1996. Dielectric behavior of wild-type yeast and vacuole-deficient mutant over a frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 GHz. Biophys. J. 71:2192–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman, V., M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, T. McGillican and S. Shapshay. 2000. Detection of preinvasive cancer cells. Nature 406:35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman, J. B., J. Wagman, and E. L. Carstensen. 1966. Refraction and absorption of light in bacterial suspensions. Kolloid-Z.Z. Polym. 208:44–58.
   Google Scholar
• Bixler, J. N., M. T. Cone, B. H. Hokr, J. D. Mason, E. Figueroa, E. S. Fry, V. V. Yakovlev, and M. O. Scully. “Ultrasensitive detection of waste products in water using fluorescence emission cavity-enhanced spectroscopy“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 20 (2014): 7208–11. USA.
   Google Scholar
• Bourgaize, D., T. R. Jewell, and R. G. Buiser. Biotechnology: Demystifying the concepts. Benjamin/ Cummings, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, I. L., N. K. R. Smith, T. B. Pool, and R. L. Sparks. 1980. Intracellular concentration of sodium and other elements as related to mitogenesis and oncogenesis in vivo. Cancer Res. 40:1493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, S., E. NunoGueiral, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, and V. V. Tuchin. 2016. Wavelength dependence of the refractive index of human colorectal tissues: Comparison between healthy mucosa and cancer. J. Biomed. Photo. Engg 2.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y., and M. Fu. 2018. Dielectric properties for non‐invasive detection of normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues using microwave theories. Thorac. Cancer 9:459–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong, W.-F., S. A. Prahl, and A. J. Welch. 1990. A review of the optical properties of biological tissues. IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 26:2166–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. W., J. Cho, Y. Lee, J. Yim, B. Kang, K. K. Oh, … Y. Kwon. 2004. Microwave detection of metastasized breast cancer cells in the lymph node; potential application for sentinel lymphadenectomy. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 86:107–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, W., C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, S. Oh, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld. 2007. Tomographic phase microscopy. Nat. Methods 4:717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, K. S., and R. H. Cole. 1941. Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics I. Alternating current characteristics. J. Chem. Phys. 9:341–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone, M. T., J. D. Mason, E. Figueroa, B. H. Hokr, J. N. Bixler, C. C. Castellanos, G. D. Noojin, J.C. Wigle, B.A. Wigle, V.V. Yakovlev and E.S. Fry. 2015a. Measuring the absorption coefficient of biological materials using integrating cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Optica. 2:162–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone, M. T., J. A. Musser, E. Figueroa, J. D. Mason, and E. S. Fry. 2015b. Diffuse reflecting material for integrating cavity spectroscopy, including ring-down spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 54:334–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, L., S. Das, and J. Chatterjee. 2015. Electrical bioimpedance analysis: A new method in cervical cancer screening. J. Med. Engg 2015: 636075, 5 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Dragomir, N. M., X. M. Goh, and A. Roberts. 2008. Three‐dimensional refractive index reconstruction with quantitative phase tomography. Microsc. Res. Tech. 71:5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flock, S. T., M. S. Patterson, B. C. Wilson, and D. R. Wyman. 1989. Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in highly scattering tissues. I. Model predictions and comparison with diffusion theory. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36:1162–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasstone, S., and M. C. Edlund. 1952. The elements of nuclear reactor theory. New York: D. van Nostrand.
   Google Scholar
• Gourley, P. L., and R. K. Naviaux. 2005. Optical phenotyping of human mitochondria in a biocavity laser. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11:818–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, D. J., G. W. Kattawar, and E. S. Fry. 2006. Design and analysis of a flow-through integrating cavity absorption meter. Appl. Opt. 45:8990–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier, K., D. Dubuc, M. Poupot, and J. J. Fournié (2011, January). Microwave signatures of alive B-lymphoma cells suspensions. In 2011 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (pp. 95–98). Phoenix, AZ, USA: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Grosenick, D., H. Rinneberg, R. Cubeddu, and P. Taroni. 2016. Review of optical breast imaging and spectroscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 21:091311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, A. W. 1971. Analyses of electromagnetic fields induced in biological tissues by thermographic studies on equivalent phantom models. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 19:205–14.
   Google Scholar
• Halter, R. J., A. Schned, J. Heaney, A. Hartov, S. Schutz, and K. D. Paulsen. 2008. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of benign and malignant prostatic tissues. J. Urol. 179:1580–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammouda, O. K., and A. M. M. Allam. 2014. Diagnosis Of Oral Cancers Using Implanted Antennas. Skin 1:38–007.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimshony, D. “Method and system for examining tissue according to the dielectric properties thereof“. U.S. Patent 6,813,515, issued November 2, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Heinitz, J., and O. Minet. “Dielectric properties of female breast tumors“. In Ninth International Conference on Electrical Bio-Impedance, Heidelberg, Germany, vol. 55, pp. 356–59. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Holboke, M. J., B. J. Tromberg, L. Xingde, J. Natasha Shah, F. D. Kidney, J. Butler, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh. “Three-dimensional diffuse optical mammography with ultrasound localization in a human subject“. (2000): 237–47.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, S. 2020. Biodielectric phenomenon for actively differentiating malignant and normal cells: An overview. In Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 1–8. Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, S., and A. Abdelgawad. 2020. Analysis of membrane permeability due to synergistic effect of controlled shock wave and electric field application. Electromagn Biol Med 39:20–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, W.-C., S. Jing-Wei, T.-Y. Tseng, and K.-B. Sung. 2014. Tomographic diffractive microscopy of living cells based on a common-path configuration. Opt Lett 39:2210–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Q., S. Hossain, and R. P. Joshi. 2018. Analysis of a dual shock-wave and ultrashort electric pulsing strategy for electro-manipulation of membrane nanopores. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51:285403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., N. Zhao, T. Gan, J. Duan, H. J. Yu, D. Meng, J. Liu, and W. Liu. 2017. Analytic Method on Characteristic Parameters of Bacteria in Water by Multiwavelength Transmission Spectroscopy. J. Spectrosc. 2017: 4039048.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, M., F. Awwad, D. Jithin, H. El Hasasna, K. Athamneh, and R. Iratni. 2019. Breast cancer cells exhibits specific dielectric signature in vitro using the open-ended coaxial probe technique from 200 MHz to 13.6 GHz. Sci. Rep. 9:4681. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41124-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, P. T., A. M. Jarolimek, and S. Daye. 1998. The false-negative mammogram. Radiographics 18:1137–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques, S. L. 2013. Optical properties of biological tissues: A review. Phys. Med. Biol. 58:R37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques, S. L., C. A. Alter, and S. A. Prahl. 1987. Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis. Lasers Life Sci. 1:309–33.
   Google Scholar
• Jacques, S. L., and S. A. Prahl. 1987. Modeling optical and thermal distributions in tissue during laser irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 6:494–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, N. L., and C. Friedman. “Identification of findings suspicious for breast cancer based on natural language processing of mammogram reports“. In Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Fall Symposium, p. 829. American Medical Informatics Association, 1997. Nashville, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Joines, W. T., Y. Zhang, C. Li, and R. L. Jirtle. 1994. The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz. Med. Phys. 21:547–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufer, S., A. Ivorra, V. E. Reuter, B. Rubinsky, and S. B. Solomon. 2010. Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue. Physiol. Meas. 31:995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazebnik, M., M. Okoniewski, J. H. Booske, and S. C. Hagness. 2007a. Highly accurate Debye models for normal and malignant breast tissue dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 17:822–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazebnik, M., D. Popovic, L. McCartney, C. B. Watkins, M. J. Lindstrom, J. Harter, … W. Temple. 2007b. A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues obtained from cancer surgeries. Phys. Med. Biol. 52:6093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, J. F., A. W. Guy, D. J. Barbara Jane, B. Stonebridge, and C. G. Warren. 1968. Heating patterns produced by short-wave diathermy using helical induction coil applicators. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 49:193–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehmann, J. F., B. J. DeLateur, and J. B. Stonebridge. 1969. Selective muscle heating by shortwave diathermy with a helical coil. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 50:117–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leonardi, L. “Multiwavelength and photon time-of-flight for quantitative constituent measurement in scattering media and tissue“. (2000): 6070–6070.
   Google Scholar
• Lerman, C., B. K. Bruce Trock, C. J. Rimer, D. Brody, and A. Boyce. 1991. Psychological side effects of breast cancer screening. Health Psychol. 10:259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X. J., A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, T. C. Ayi, and P. H. Yap. 2007. Determining refractive index of single living cell using an integrated microchip. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 133:349–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P. Y., L. K. Chin, W. Ser, H. F. Chen, C.-M. Hsieh, C.-H. Lee, K.-B. Sung,   T.C. Ayi, P.H. Yap, B. Liedberg, K. Wang. 2016. Cell refractive index for cell biology and disease diagnosis: Past, present and future. Lab Chip 16:634–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lualdi, M., A. Colombo, B. Farina, S. Tomatis, and R. Marchesini. 2001. A phantom with tissue‐like optical properties in the visible and near infrared for use in photomedicine. Laser Med. Sci. 28:237–43.
   Google Scholar
• Mahanta, L. B., D. C. Nath, and C. K. Nath. 2012. Cervix cancer diagnosis from pap smear images using structure based segmentation and shape analysis. J. Emerg. Trends Comput. Inform. Sci. 3:245–49.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, S. A., A. Shereen, and A. TarawnhMou’ad. 2011. Structural and optical dispersion characterisation of sprayed nickel oxide thin films. J. Mod.Phys. 2:1178.
   Google Scholar
• Martellosio, A., M. Pasian, M. Bozzi, L. Perregrini, A. Mazzanti, F. Svelto, P. E. Summers, G. Renne, L. Preda, and M. Bellomi. 2016. Dielectric properties characterization from 0.5 to 50 GHz of breast cancer tissues. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 65:998–1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattley, Y., G. Leparc, R. Potter, and G. Luis. 2000. Light scattering and absorption model for the quantitative interpretation of human blood platelet spectral data. Photochem. Photobiol. 71:610–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimoto, T., Y. Kinouchi, T. Iritani, S. Kimura, Y. Konishi, N. Mitsuyama, K. Komaki, and Y. Monden. 1990. Measurement of the electrical bio-impedance of breast tumors. Eur. Surg. Res. 22:86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muellner, K., G. E. Elisabeth Bodner, G. W. Mannor, T. Hofmann, and W. Luxenberger. 2000. Endolacrimal laser assisted lacrimal surgery. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84:16–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munnerlyn, C. R., S. J. Koons, and J. Marshall. 1988. Photorefractive keratectomy: A technique for laser refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 14:46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musser, J. A., E. S. Fry, and D. J. Gray. 2009. Flow-through integrating cavity absorption meter: Experimental results. Appl. Opt. 48:3596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narain, P. D., M. Evangelin Jenifer, P. Poongodi, and J. Samuel Manoharan. 2011. A survey on the preprocessing techniques of mammogram for the detection of breast cancer. J. Emerg. Trends Comput. Inform. Sci. 2:656–64.
   Google Scholar
• Nerguizian, V., A. Alazzam, I. Stiharu, and J. M. Burnier. 2017. Characterization of several cancer cell lines at microwave frequencies. Measurement 109:354–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizamoglu, S., M. C. Gather, M. Humar, M. Choi, S. Kim, K. S. Kim, S. Hahn, G. Scarcelli, M.Randolph, R.W. Redmond, S.H. Yun. 2016. Bioabsorbable polymer optical waveguides for deep-tissue photomedicine. Nat. Commun. 7:10374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novikova, T. 2017. Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 8:1844–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos, V. A., G. Yodh, M. Schnall, and B. Chance. (2000). “Concurrent MRI and diffuse optical tomography of breast after indocyanine green enhancement“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:2767–72. USA.
   Google Scholar
• O’rourke, A. P., M. Lazebnik, J. M. Bertram, M. C. Converse, S. C. Hagness, J. G. Webster, and D. M. Mahvi. 2007. Dielectric properties of human normal, malignant and cirrhotic liver tissue: In vivo and ex vivo measurements from 0.5 to 20 GHz using a precision open-ended coaxial probe. Phys. Med. Biol. 52:4707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish, J. A. 1981. New concepts in therapeutic photomedicine; photochemistry, optical targeting and the therapeutic window. J. Invest. Dermatol. 77:45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisano, E. D., J. Earp, M. Schell, K. Vokaty, and A. Denham. 1998. Screening behavior of women after a false-positive mammogram. Radiology 208:245–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao, G., W. Duan, C. Chatwin, A. Sinclair, and W. Wang (2010). Electrical properties of breast cancer cells from impedance measurement of cell suspensions. In Journal of Physics: conference series 224:012081. University of Florida, Florida, USA: IOP Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Quan, B., X. Liang, G. Ji, Y. Cheng, W. Liu, J. Ma, … G. Xu. 2017. Dielectric polarization in electromagnetic wave absorption: Review and perspective. J. Alloys Compd. 728:1065–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju, T. N. “The Nobel chronicles. 1931: Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970)“. (1998): 2028–2028.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, D. S., and J. W. Lichtman. 2015. Clarifying tissue clearing. Cell 162:246–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmanzadeh, A., M. B. Sano, R. C. Gallo-Villanueva, P. C. Roberts, E. M. Schmelz, and R. V. Davalos. 2013. Investigating dielectric properties of different stages of syngeneic murine ovarian cancer cells. Biomicrofluidics 7:011809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomatina, E. V., B. Jiang, J. Novak, and A. N. Yaroslavsky. 2006. Optical properties of normal and cancerous human skin in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. J. Biomed. Opt. 11:064026. doi:10.1117/1.2398928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano, M. B., J. L. Caldwell, and R. V. Davalos. 2011. Modeling and development of a low frequency contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP) platform to sort cancer cells from dilute whole blood samples. Biosens. Bioelectron. 30:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfaty, M., and A. Lev. “Electrical methods for detection and characterization of abnormal tissue and cells“. U.S. Patent 8,437,845, issued May 7, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Schwan, H. P., and S. Takashima. “Electrical conduction and dielectric behavior in biological systems“. digital Encyclopedia of Applied Physics (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Seeger, P. G., and S. Wolz. “Succesful Biological Contol of Cancer“. (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Slizynski, R. A., and D. J. Mishelevich. “Use of impedance techniques in breast-mass detection“. U.S. Patent 9,037,227, issued May 19, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Soenksen, D. C., G. McNamara, Y. Garini, and N. Katzir. “Method of cancer cell detection“. U.S. Patent 5,995,645, issued November 30, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Souvorov, A. E., A. E. Bulyshev, S. Y. Semenov, R. H. Svenson, and G. P. Tatsis. 2000. Two-dimensional computer analysis of a microwave flat antenna array for breast cancer tomography. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 48:1413–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surowiec, A. J., S. S. Stuchly, J. Robin Barr, and A. A. S. A. Swarup. 1988. Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 35:257–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura, T., M. Tenhunen, T. Lahtinen, T. Repo, and H. P. Schwan. 1994. Modelling of the dielectric properties of normal and irradiated skin. Phys. Med. Biol. 39:927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tromberg, B. J., N. Shah, R. Lanning, A. Cerussi, J. Espinoza, T. Pham, L. Svaasand, and J. Butler. 2000. Non-invasive in vivo characterization of breast tumors using photon migration spectroscopy. Neoplasia 2:26–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twersky, V. 1970. Absorption and multiple scattering by biological suspensions. JOSA 60:1084–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twiggs, L. B., N. A. Chakhtoura, D. G. Ferris, L. C. Flowers, M. L. Winter, D. R. Sternfeld, M. Lashgari, A. F. Burnett, S. S. Raab, and E. J. Wilkinson. 2013. Multimodal hyperspectroscopy as a triage test for cervical neoplasia: Pivotal clinical trial results. Gynecol. Oncol. 130:147–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Veen, R. L. P., H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. W. K. S. Marinelli, and M. Menke-Pluymers. 2004. Intraoperatively assessed optical properties of malignant and healthy breast tissue used to determine the optimum wavelength of contrast for optical mammography. J. Biomed. Opt. 9:1129–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorlıcek, J., L. Oppl, and J. Vrba. 2010. Measurement of complex permittivity of biological tissues. In PIERS (Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium) Proceedings, Cambridge, USA , 599.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., and W. Che. “In-vitro and in-vivo techniques to measure the dielectric constant of biological tissues at microwave frequencies“. In 2008 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, vol. 2, pp. 922–25. Nanjing, China: IEEE, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., G. Popescu, K. V. Tangella, and A. Balla. 2011. Tissue refractive index as marker of disease. J. Biomed. Opt. 16:116017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, C. E. Redden, R. A. Schwarz, E. N. Atkinson, D. D. Cox, C. E. MacAulay, M. Follen, and R. R. Richards-Kortum. 2008. Model-based analysis of reflectance and fluorescence spectra for in vivo detection of cervical dysplasia and cancer. J. Biomed. Opt. 13:064016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch, A. J., M. JC, and V. Gemert, eds. 2011. Optical-thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue. Vol. 2. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• White, I. M., and X. Fan. 2008. On the performance quantification of resonant refractive index sensors. Opt Express 16:1020–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2005. Pharmaceuticals: Restrictions in use and availability. Geneva: World Health Organization. No. WHO/PSM/QSM/2005.2
   Google Scholar
• Yacobi, Y. Z., J. Köhler, F. Leunert, and A. Gitelson. 2015. Phycocyanin‐specific absorption coefficient: Eliminating the effect of chlorophylls absorption. Limnol. Oceangr-Meth. 13:157–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M., and W. J. Brackenbury. 2013. Membrane potential and cancer progression. Front Physiol 4:185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaws, K. M., D. G. Mixon, and W. P. Roach. 2007. Electromagnetic properties of tissue in the optical region. In In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVIII, Vol. 6435, 643507. International Society for Optics and Photonics. San Jose, California, United States: SPIE, BioS.
   Google Scholar
• Zainud-Deen, S. H., W. M. Hassen, E. M. Ali, K. H. Awadalla, and H. A. Sharshar (2008, March). Breast cancer detection using a hybrid finite difference frequency domain and particle swarm optimization techniques. In 2008 National Radio Science Conference (pp. 1–8). Tanta, Egypt: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Zedek, A., D. Dubuc, and K. Grenier (2017, June). Microwave permittivity extraction of individual biological cells submitted to different stimuli. In 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) (pp. 865–68). Honololu, HI, USA: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. Y., C. B. M. Du Puch, C. Dalmay, A. Lacroix, A. Landoulsi, J. Leroy, … S. Giraud. 2014. Discrimination of colorectal cancer cell lines using microwave biosensors. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 216:405–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. Y., C. B. M. Du Puch, A. Lacroix, C. Dalmay, A. Pothier, C. Lautrette, … P. Blondy (2012, June). Microwave biosensors for identifying cancer cell aggressiveness grade. In 2012 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (pp. 1–3). Montreal, QC, Canada: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, C., R. Choe, N. S. Shah, T. Durduran, G. Yu, A. Durkin, D. Hsiang, R. Mehta, J.A. Butler, A.E. Cerussi, B.J. Tromberg. 2007. Diffuse optical monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation in human breast cancer during early stages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J. Biomed. Opt. 12:051903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar