Adherence to Honor Code Mediates the Prediction of Adolescent Boys' Conduct Problems by Callousness and Socioeconomic Status

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. ( 1991 ). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL /4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles . Burlington : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. , & Rescorla , L. A. ( 2006 ). Developmental issues in assessment, taxonomy, and diagnosis of psychopathology: Life span and multicultural perspectives . In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1: Theory and method , (2nd ed. , pp. 139 – 180 ). Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Alder , C. M. , & Polk , K. ( 1996 ). Masculinity and child homicide . British Journal of Criminology , 36 , 396 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. P. , Hauser , S. T. , & Borman-Spurrell , E. ( 1996 ). Attachment theory as a framework for understanding sequelae of severe adolescent psychopathology: An 11-year follow-up study . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 , 254 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. , & Kenny , D. A. ( 1986 ). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry , C. T. , Frick , P. J. , DeShazo , T. M. , McCoy , M. , Ellis , M. , & Loney , B. R. ( 2000 ). The importance of callous-unemotional traits for extending the concept of psychopathy to children . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 , 335 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. ( 2006 ). EQS 6 structural equation manual . Encino , CA : Multivariate Software .
   Google Scholar
• Brandt , J. R. , Kennedy , W. A. , Patrick , C. J. , & Curtin , J. J. ( 1997 ). Assessment of psychopathy in a population of incarcerated adolescent offenders . Psychological Assessment , 9 , 429 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan , K. A. , Clark , C. L. , & Shaver , P. R. ( 1998 ). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview . In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46 – 76 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner , U. , & Ceci , S. J. ( 1994 ). Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model . Psychological Review , 101 , 568 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , G. R. , & Silverstein , L. B. ( 1995 ). Understanding the dark side of masculinity: An interactive systems model . In R. F. Levant & W. S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology of men (pp. 280 – 333 ). New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , M. W. , & Cudek , R. ( 1993 ). Alternative ways of assessing model fit . In K. A. Bollen , & L. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136 – 162 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Buist , K. L. , Dekovic , M. , Meeus , W. , & van Aken , M. A. G. ( 2004 ). The reciprocal relationship between early adolescent attachment and internalizing and externalizing problem behavior . Journal of Adolescence , 27 , 251 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian , R. E. , Frick , P. J. , Hill , N. L. , & Tyler , L. ( 1997 ). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: II. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 233 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. , Nisbett , R. E. , Bowdle , B. F. , & Schwarz , N. ( 1996 ). Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An “experimental ethnography.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 , 945 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. , Vandello , J. , & Rantilla , A. K. ( 1998 ). The sacred and the social: Cultures of honor and violence . In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology and culture (pp. 261 – 282 ). Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. , & Maxwell , S. E. ( 2003 ). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 112 , 558 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor , D. F. ( 2002 ). Aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: Research and treatment . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Crick , N. R. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 1994 ). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms with children's adjustment . Psychological Bulletin , 115 , 74 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard , K. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 1997 ). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender . Psychological Inquiry , 8 , 161 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur , J. , & Minuchin , S. ( 1989 ). Institutionalizing madness: Families, therapy and society . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Elizur , Y. , & Mintzer , A. ( 2003 ). Gay males' intimate relationship quality: The roles of attachment security, gay identity, social support, and income . Personal Relationships , 10 , 411 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur , Y. , Spivak , A. , Ofran , S. , & Jacobs , S. ( 2007 ). A gender-moderated model of family relationships and adolescent adjustment . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 36 , 430 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur , Y. , & Yishay-Krien , N. ( 2009 ). Participation in atrocities among Israeli soldiers during the First Intifada: A qualitative analysis . Journal of Peace Research , 46 , 251 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , D. S. , & Ageton , S. ( 1980 ). Reconciling differences in estimates of delinquency . American Sociological Review , 45 , 95 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essau , C. A. , Sasagawa , S. , & Frick , P. J. ( 2006 ). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents . Assessment , 13 , 454 – 469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , A. C. , Steinberg , L. , & Williams-Wheeler , M. ( 2004 ). Parental influences on adolescent problem behavior: Revisiting Stattin and Kerr . Child Development , 75 , 781 – 796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley , R. , & Spieker , S. J. ( 2003 ). Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior . Developmental Psychology , 39 , 387 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick , P. J. ( 2004 ). The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits . Unpublished rating scale . New Orleans , LA : The University of New Orleans .
   Google Scholar
• Frick , P. J. , Bodin , S. D. , & Barry , C. T. ( 2000 ). Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: Further development of the Psychopathy Screening Device . Psychological Assessment , 12 , 382 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick , P. J. , Cornell , A. H. , Barry , C. T. , Bodin , S. D. , & Dane , H. E. ( 2003 ). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 31 , 457 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick , P. J. , Cornell , A. H. , Bodin , S. D. , Dane , H. E. , Barry , C. T. , & Loney , B. R. ( 2003 ). Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems . Developmental Psychology , 39 , 246 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbarino , J. ( 1999 ). Lost boys: Why our sons turn violent and how we can save them . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , S. D. , & Hare , R. D. ( 1997 ). Psychopathy: Assessment and association with criminal conduct . In D. M. Stoff , J. Breiling , & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 22 – 35 ). Hoboken , NJ : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hexel , M. ( 2003 ). Alexithymia and attachment style in relation to locus of control . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 , 1261 – 1270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , J. ( 2002 ). Biological, psychological and social processes in the conduct disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 43 , 133 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , R. , & Schwartz , G. ( 1974 ). Honor, normative ambiguity and gang violence . American Sociological Review , 39 , 238 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga , D. (1991). Assessing violent behavior with self-reports. In J. S. Milner & D. Huizinga (Eds.), Neuropsychology of agression (pp. 47–56). Boston : Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Ijzerman , H. , van Dijk , W. W. , & Gallucci , M. ( 2007 ). A bumpy train ride: A field experiment on insult, honor, and emotional reactions . Emotion , 7 , 869 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamir , O. ( 2004 ). Israeli honor and dignity: Social norms, gender politics and the law . Jerusalem , Israel : Carmel Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kimonis , E. R. , Frick , P. J. , & Barry , C. T. ( 2004 ). Callous-unemotional traits and delinquent peer affiliation . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 , 956 – 966 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knafo , A. , Daniel , E. , & Khoury-Kassabri , M. ( 2008 ). Values as protective factors against violent behavior in Jewish and Arab high schools in Israel . Child Development , 79 , 652 – 667 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroneman , L. , Loeber , R. , & Hipwell , A. E. ( 2004 ). Is neighborhood context differently related to externalizing problems and delinquency for girls compared with boys? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 7 , 109 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruh , I. P. , Frick , P. J. , & Clements , C. B. ( 2005 ). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 32 , 69 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez , V. A. , & Emmer , E. T. ( 2002 ). Influences of beliefs and values on male adolescents' decision to commit violent offenses . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 3 , 28 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynam , D. R. ( 1997 ). Pursuing the psychopath: Capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 , 425 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. , Browne , M. W. , & Sugawara , H. M. ( 1996 ). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling . Psychological Methods , 1 , 130 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams , D. P. , & Pals , J. L. ( 2006 ). A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality . American Psychologist , 61 , 204 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer , M. , & Florian , V. ( 2000 ). Exploring individual differences in reactions to mortality salience: Does attachment style regulate terror management mechanisms? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 260 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer , M. , & Shaver , P. R. ( 2007 ). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W. I. ( 1993 ). Humiliation: And other essays on honor, social discomfort, and violence . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Meesters , C. , & van den Berg , S. ( 2003 ). Internalizing and externalizing problems as correlates of self-reported attachment style and perceived parental rearing in normal adolescents . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 12 , 171 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett , R. E. , & Cohen , D. ( 1996 ). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South . Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Pardini , D. A. , Lochman , J. E. , & Frick , P. J. ( 2003 ). Callous/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 , 364 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini , D. A. , Lochman , J. E. , & Powell , N. ( 2007 ). The development of callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior in children: Are there shared and/or unique predictors? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 36 , 319 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini , D. A. , & Loeber , R. ( 2008 ). Interpersonal callousness trajectories across adolescence: Early social influences and adult outcomes . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 35 ( 2 ), 173 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini , D. A. , Loeber , R. , & Stouthamer-Loeber , M. ( 2005 ). Developmental shifts in parent and peer influences on boys' beliefs about delinquent behavior . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 15 , 299 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Polk , K. ( 1999 ). Males and honor contest violence . Homicide Studies , 3 , 6 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Raykov , T. , Tomer , A. , & Nesselroade , J. R. ( 1991 ). Reporting structural equation modeling results in Psychology and Aging: Some proposed guidelines . Psychology and Aging , 6 , 499 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , K. G. ( 1990 ). Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 19 , 511 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez Mosquera , P. M. , Manstead , A. S. R. , & Fischer , A. H. ( 2000 ). The role of honor-related values in the elicitation, experience, and communication of pride, shame, and anger: Spain and the Netherlands compared . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 833 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez Mosquera , P. M. , Manstead , A. S. R. , & Fischer , A. H. ( 2002 ). The role of honor concerns in emotional reactions to offences . Cognition & Emotion , 16 , 143 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnlund , M. , & Karlsson , E. ( 2006 ). The relation between dimensions of attachment and internalizing or externalizing problems during adolescence . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 167 , 47 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstein , D. S. , & Horowitz , H. A. ( 1996 ). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 , 244 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , D. W. , Kahn , J. H. , Spoth , R. , & Altmaier , E. M. ( 1998 ). Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 45 , 18 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Moffitt , T. E. , & Caspi , A. ( 2006 ). Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 , 226 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , J. P. , Waldo , M. , & Higgins , A. J. ( 2004 ). Attachment styles: Relationship to masculine gender role conflict in college men . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 5 , 143 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanahan , M. J. , & Hofer , S. M. ( 2005 ). Social context in gene–environment interactions: Retrospect and prospect . Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 60B , 65 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. E. ( 1982 ). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations . In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290 – 312 ). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Somech L. Y. , & Elizur , Y. ( 2006 ). Adherence to Honor Code Inventory . Unpublished instrument , Hebrew University of Jerusalem .
   Google Scholar
• Sroufe , L. A. , Carlson , E. A. , Levy , A. K. , & Egeland , B. ( 1999 ). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 11 , 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , A. , Brooks , J. , & Remtulla , T. ( 2003 ). Youth hate crimes: Identification, prevention, and intervention . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 , 979 – 989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg , K. J. , Lamb , M. E. , Guterman , E. , & Abbott , C. B. ( 2006 ). Effects of early and later family violence on children's behavior problems and depression: A longitudinal, multi-informant perspective . Child Abuse and Neglect , 30 , 283 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolan , P. H. , Gorman-Smith , D. , & Henry , D. B. ( 2003 ). The developmental ecology of urban males' youth violence . Developmental Psychology , 39 , 274 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth , S. L. , Rogosch , F. A. , Sturge-Apple , M. , & Cicchetti , D. ( 2009 ). Maternal depression, children's attachment security, and representational development: An organizational perspective . Child Development , 80 , 192 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandello , J. A. , & Cohen , D. ( 2003 ). Male honor and female fidelity: Implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 , 997 – 1010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viding , E. , Blair , R. J. R. , Moffitt , T. E. , & Plomin , R. ( 2005 ). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 , 592 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viding , E. , Jones , A. P. , Frick , P. J. , Moffitt , T. E. , & Plomin , R. ( 2008 ). Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: Do callous-unemotional traits matter? Developmental Science , 11 , 17 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth , M. E. , & Achenbach , T. M. (2005). Explaining the link between low socioeconomic status and psychopathology: Testing two mechanisms of the social causation hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73, 1146–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller , J. ( 2002 ). Becoming evil: How ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weisz , J. R. , Suwanlert , S. , Chaiyasit , W. , Weiss , B. , Walter , B. R. , & Anderson , W. W. ( 1988 ). Thai and American perspectives on over- and undercontrolled child behavior problems: Exploring the threshold model among parents, teachers, and psychologists . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 , 601 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , S. G. , Finch , J. F. , & Curran , P. J. ( 1995 ). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies . In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56 – 75 ). Thousand Parks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Weston , R. ( 2008 ). Insecure attachment mediates effects of partners' emotional abuse and violence on women's relationship quality . Journal of Family Violence , 23 , 483 – 493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , S. K. , & Kelly , F. D. ( 2005 ). Relationships among involvement, attachment, and behavioral problems in adolescence: Examining father's influence . Journal of Early Adolescence , 25 , 168 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilber , N. , Auerbach , J. , & Lerner , Y. ( 1994 ). Israeli norms for the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist: Comparison of clinically-referred and non-referred children . Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , 31 , 5 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimbardo , P. ( 2007 ). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar