Change and Stability in Childhood Clique Membership, Isolation From Cliques, and Associated Child Characteristics

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. ( 1991 ). Manual for Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile . Burlington : University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Adler , P. A. , & Adler , P. ( 1998 ). Peer power: Preadolescent culture and identity . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barrish , H. H. , Saunders , M. , & Wolfe , M. D. ( 1969 ). Good Behavior Game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences and disruptive behavior in the classroom . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 2 , 119 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell-Dolan , D. J. , Reaven , N. M. , & Peterson , L. ( 1993 ). Depression and social functioning – a multidimensional study of the linkages . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 22 , 306 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin , M. , Hymel , S. , & Bukowski , W. M. ( 1995 ). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood . Development and Psychopathology , 7 , 765 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin , M. , Vitaro , F. , & Poulin , F. (2005). Peer relations and the development of aggressive behavior in early childhood. In R. E. Tremblay , W. W. Hartup , & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 376–397). New York : Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Bowker , A. , Bukowski , W. , Zargarpour , S. , & Hoza , B. ( 1998 ). A structural and functional analysis of a two-dimensional model of social isolation . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 44 , 447 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brendgen , M. , Wanner , B. , Morin , A. J. S. , & Vitaro , F. ( 2005 ). Relations with parents and with peers, temperament, and trajectories of depressed mood during early adolescence . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 33 , 579 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , B. B. , & Lohr , M. J. ( 1987 ). Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: An integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 , 47 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowski , W. , & Hoza , B. ( 1989 ). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome . In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 15 – 45 ). New York : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Cairns , R. B. , Cairns , B. D. , Neckerman , H. J. , Gest , S. D. , & Gariepy , J. L. ( 1988 ). Social networks and aggressive-behavior – peer support or peer rejection . Developmental Psychology , 24 , 815 – 823 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns , R. B. , Leung , M. C. , Buchanan , L. , & Cairns , B. D. ( 1995 ). Friendships and social networks in childhood and adolescence – fluidity, reliability, and interrelations . Child Development , 66 , 1330 – 1345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cillessen , A. H. , & Mayeux , L. ( 2004 ). Sociometric status and peer group behavior: Previous findings and current directions . In J. B. Kupersmidt & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Children's peer relations: From development to intervention (pp. 3 – 20 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. M. ( 1977 ). Sources of peer group homogeneity . Sociology of Education , 50 , 227 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coie , J. D. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 1988 ). Multiple sources of data on social-behavior and social-status in the school: A cross-age comparison . Child Development , 59 , 815 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coie , J. D. , Dodge , K. A. , & Kupersmidt , J. B. ( 1990 ). Peer group behavior and social status . In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 17 – 59 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge Studies in Social and Emotional Development .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. , & White , K. ( 1993 ). Structure of peer impressions of children's competence: Validation of the peer nomination of multiple competencies . Psychological Assessment , 5 , 449 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Crowley , S. L. , Worchel , F. F. , & Ash , M. J. ( 1992 ). Self-report, peer-report, and teacher-report measures of childhood depression: An analysis by item . Journal of Personality Assessment , 59 , 189 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degirmencioglu , S. M. , Urberg , K. A. , Tolson , J. M. , & Richard , P. ( 1998 ). Adolescent friendship networks: Continuity and change over the school year . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 44 , 313 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRosier , M. E. , Kupersmidt , J. B. , & Patterson , C. J. ( 1994 ). Children's academic and behavioral-adjustment as a function of the chronicity and proximity of peer rejection . Child Development , 65 , 1799 – 1813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge , K. A. , & Coie , J. D. ( 1987 ). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's playgroups . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 , 1146 – 1158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , L. J. , Jaylan , T. , Werthamer , L. , & Kellam , S. ( 1989 ). The Good Behavior Game Manual . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins Prevention Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Eder , D. , Evans , C. C. , & Parker , S. ( 1995 ). School talk: Gender and adolescent culture . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Embry , D. D. ( 2002 ). The Good Behavior Game: A best practice candidate as a universal behavioral vaccine . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 5 , 273 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennett , S. T. , & Bauman , K. E. ( 1994 ). The contribution of influence and selection to adolescent peer group homogeneity – the case of adolescent cigarette-smoking . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 , 653 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epkins , C. C. ( 1995 ). Peer ratings of internalizing and externalizing problems in inpatient and elementary-school-children: Correspondence with parallel child self-report and teacher ratings . Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 3 , 203 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erasmus , M. C. ( 2000 ). Problem behavior at school interview . Rotterdam , the Netherlands : Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC .
   Google Scholar
• Espelage , D. L. , Holt , M. K. , & Henkel , R. R. ( 2003 ). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence . Child Development , 74 , 205 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrist , A. W. , Zaia , A. F. , Bates , J. E. , Dodge , K. A. , & Pettit , G. S. ( 1997 ). Subtypes of social withdrawal in early childhood: Sociometric status and social-cognitive differences across four years . Child Development , 68 , 278 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haselager , G. J. T. , Hartup , W. W. , van Lieshout , C. F. M. , & Riksen-Walraven , J. M. A. ( 1998 ). Similarities between friends and nonfriends in middle childhood . Child Development , 69 , 1198 – 1208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley , P. H. ( 1999 ). The ontogenesis of social dominance: A strategy-based evolutionary perspective . Developmental Review , 19 , 97 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , D. F. , Payne , A. , & Chadwick , A. ( 2004 ). Peer relations in childhood . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 , 84 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoza , B. , Bukowski , W. M. , & Beery , S. ( 2000 ). Assessing peer network and dyadic loneliness . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 29 , 119 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellam , S. G. , Rebok , G. W. , Mayer , L. S. , Ialongo , N. , & Kalodner , C. R. ( 1994 ). Depressive symptoms over 1st-grade and their response to a developmental epidemiologically based preventive trial aimed at improving achievement . Development and Psychopathology , 6 , 463 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupersmidt , J. B. , Coie , J. D. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 1990 ). The role of poor peer relationships in the development of disorder . In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 274 – 305 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge Studies in Social and Emotional Development .
   Google Scholar
• Ladd , G. W. ( 2006 ). Peer rejection, aggressive or withdrawn behavior, and psychological maladjustment from ages 5 to 12: An examination of four predictive models . Child Development , 77 , 822 – 846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. ( 1998 ). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb , A. F. , & Bagwell , C. L. ( 1998 ). The developmental significance of children's friendship relations . In W. M. Bukowski , A. F. Newcomb , & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 289 – 321 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , J. G. , & Asher , S. R. ( 1987 ). Peer relations and later personal adjustment – are low-accepted children at risk . Psychological Bulletin , 102 , 357 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , J. G. , & Asher , S. R. ( 1993 ). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood – links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction . Developmental Psychology , 29 , 611 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , S. , Vitaro , F. , Barker , E. D. , & Borge , A. I. H. ( 2007 ). The timing of middle-childhood peer rejection and friendship: Linking early behavior to early-adolescent adjustment . Child Development , 78 , 1037 – 1051 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini , A. D. , & Long , J. D. ( 2002 ). A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 20 , 259 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , B. M. , Lonigan , C. J. , Driscoll , K. , & Hooe , E. S. (2002). Positive and negative affectivity in children: A multitrait-multimethod investigation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 31, 465–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , J. M. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 1989 ). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood: Relations to peer status and social context dimensions . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 17 , 455 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , W. D. ( 1995 ). NEGOPY 4.30 Manual and User's Guide . Burnaby , Canada : School of Communications, Simon Fraser University .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , K. H. , Bukowski , W. M. , & Parker , J. G. ( 2006 ). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups . In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3 social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 571 – 645 ). Hoboken , NJ : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , K. H. , Burgess , K. B. , & Coplan , R. J. ( 2002 ). Social withdrawal and shyness . In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 329 – 352 ). Oxford , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , K. H. , Chen , X. Y. , Mcdougall , P. , Bowker , A. , & Mckinnon , J. ( 1995 ). The Waterloo longitudinal project – predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence . Development and Psychopathology , 7 , 751 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , K. H. , & Mills , R. S. L. ( 1988 ). The many faces of social isolation in childhood . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 , 916 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , Z. ( 1980 ). Children's friendships . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shrum , W. , & Cheek , N. H. ( 1987 ). Social-structure during the school years – onset of the degrouping process . American Sociological Review , 52 , 218 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Netherlands . ( 2007 ). Statline . Voorburg/Heerlen : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Urberg , K. A. , Degirmencioglu , S. M. , Tolson , J. M. , & Halliday-Sher , K. ( 1995 ). The structure of adolescent peer networks . Developmental Psychology , 31 , 540 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Oord , E. J. C. G. , & Rispens , J. ( 1999 ). Differences between school classes in preschoolers’ psychosocial adjustment: Evidence for the importance of children's interpersonal relations . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 40 , 417 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Oord , E. J. C. G. , Rispens , J. , Goudena , P. P. , & Vermande , M. ( 2000 ). Some developmental implications of structural aspects of preschoolers’ relations with classmates . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 21 , 619 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lier , P. A. C. , Muthén , B. O. , van der Sar , R. M. , & Crijnen , A. A. M. ( 2004 ). Preventing disruptive behavior in elementary schoolchildren: Impact of a universal classroom-based intervention . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 , 467 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhulst , F. C. , van der Ende , J. , & Koot , H. M. ( 1997 ). Handleiding voor de Teacher's Report Form [Manual for the Teacher's Report Form] . Rotterdam , The Netherlands : Afdeling Kinder- en Jeugdpsychiatrie, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis/Academisch Ziekenhuis Rotterdam/ Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam .
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman , S. , & Faust , K. ( 1994 ). Social network analysis: Methods and applications . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wentzel , K. R. , & Caldwell , K. ( 1997 ). Friendships, peer acceptance, and group membership: Relations to academic achievement in middle school . Child Development , 68 , 1198 – 1209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojslawowicz Bowker , J. C. , Rubin , K. H. , Burgess , K. B. , Booth-LaForce , C. , & Rose-Krasnor , L. ( 2006 ). Behavioral characteristics associated with stable and fluid best friendship patterns in middle childhood . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 52 , 671 – 692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younger , A. J. , & Daniels , T. M. ( 1992 ). Children's reasons for nominating their peers as withdrawn – passive withdrawal versus active isolation . Developmental Psychology , 28 , 955 – 960 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar