Targeted Peer Victimization and the Construction of Positive and Negative Self-Cognitions: Connections to Depressive Symptoms in Children

REFERENCES

• Abela , J. R. Z. , & Hankin , B. L. ( 2008 ). Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: A developmental psychopathology perspective . In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 35 – 78 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , R. E. , & Bukowski , W. M. ( 2008 ). Peer victimization as a predictor of depression and body mass index in obese and non-obese adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 49 , 858 – 866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreou , E. (2001). Bully/victim problems and their association with coping behaviour in conflictual peer interactions among school-age children. Educational Psychology , 21, 59–66.
   Google Scholar
• Aronson , E. , Blaney , N. T. , Stephan , C. , Rosenfield , R. , & Sikes , J. ( 1977 ). Interdependence in the classroom: A field study . Journal of Educational Psychology , 69 , 121 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmore , A. D. , Nishina , A. , Witkow , M. R. , Graham , S. , & Juvonen , J. ( 2007 ). The influence of classroom ethnic composition on same- and other-ethnicity peer nominations in middle school . Social Development , 16 , 720 – 740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton , M. J. , & Smith , P. K. ( 1994 ). Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self-perceived competence, peer perceptions and peer acceptance . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 12 , 315 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , C. P. , Sawyer , A. L. , & O'Brennan , L. M. ( 2009 ). A social disorganization perspective on bullying-related attitudes and behaviors: The influence of school context . American Journal of Community Psychology , 43 , 204 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , M. S. , Rudolph , K. D. , Troop-Gordon , W. , & Kim , D. ( 2004 ). Reciprocal influences among relational self-views, social disengagement, and peer stress during early adolescence . Child Development , 75 , 1140 – 1154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan , S. , & Joseph , S. ( 1995 ). Self-concept and peer victimization among school children . Personality and Individual Differences , 18 , 161 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card , N. A. , & Hodges , E. V. E. ( 2008 ). Peer victimization among schoolchildren: Correlations, causes, consequences, and considerations in assessment and intervention . School Psychology Quarterly , 23 , 451 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cillessen , A. H. N. , & Bellmore , A. D. ( 1999 ). Accuracy of social self-perceptions and peer competence in middle childhood . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 45 , 650 – 675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. A. , Beck , A. T. , & Alford , B. A. ( 1999 ). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Coie , J. D. , Dodge , K. A. , & Coppotelli , H. ( 1982 ). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective . Developmental Psychology , 18 , 557 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. ( 1987 ). The utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 4 , 584 – 594 .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. ( 1991 ). Change in self-perceived competence as a function of peer and teacher evaluation . Developmental Psychology , 27 , 682 – 688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. , & Jordan , A. E. ( 1995 ). Competence and memory: Integrating psychosocial and cognitive correlates of child depression . Child Development , 66 , 459 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. , Martin , J. M. , Peeke , L. A. , Seroczynski , A. D. , & Fier , J. ( 1999 ). Children's over- and underestimation of academic competence: A longitudinal study of gender differences, depression, and anxiety . Child Development , 17 , 459 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. , & Maxwell , S. E. ( 2003 ). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Myths and tips in the use of structural equation modeling . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 112 , 558 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , D. A. , & Turner , J. E. ( 1993 ). Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in self-reported child depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 , 271 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , T. D. , & Campbell , D. T. ( 1979 ). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Cooley , C. H. ( 1902 ). Human nature and the social order . New York : Scribner .
   Google Scholar
• Craighead , W. E. , Smucker , M. R. , Craighead , L. W. , & Ilardi , S. S. ( 1998 ). Factor analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory in a community sample . Psychological Assessment , 10 , 156 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick , N. R. ( 1996 ). The role of relational aggression, overt aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment . Child Development , 67 , 2317 – 2327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick , N. R. , & Bigbee , M. A. ( 1998 ). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multi-informant approach . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 , 337 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick , N. R. , Casas , J. F. , & Ku , H. ( 1999 ). Physical and relational peer victimization in preschool . Developmental Psychology , 35 , 376 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick , N. R. , Casas , J. F. , & Nelson , D. A. ( 2002 ). Toward a more complete understanding of peer maltreatment: Studies of relational victimization . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 11 , 98 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick , N. R. , & Grotpeter , J. K. ( 1995 ). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment . Child Development , 66 , 710 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullerton-Sen , C. , & Crick , N. R. ( 2005 ). Understanding the effects of physical and relational victimization: The utility of multiple perspectives in predicting social-emotional adjustment . School Psychology Review , 34 , 147 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Los Reyes , A. , & Prinstein , M. J. ( 2004 ). Applying depression-distortion hypotheses to the assessment of peer victimization in adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 , 325 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRosier , M. E. ( 2002 ). Group interventions and exercises for enhancing children's communication, cooperation, and confidence . Sarasota , FL : Professional Resource Press .
   Google Scholar
• French , D. C. , Jansen , E. A. , & Pidada , S. ( 2002 ). United States and Indonesian children's and adolescents' reports of relational aggression by disliked peers . Child Development , 73 , 1143 – 1150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , K. S. , Hirschstein , M. K. , Edstrom , L. V. , & Snell , J. L. ( 2009 ). Observed reductions in school bullying, nonbullying aggression, and destructive bystander behavior: A longitudinal evaluation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 101 , 466 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen , B. R. , & Underwood , M. K. ( 1997 ). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children . Developmental Psychology , 33 , 589 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. , Abramson , L. Y. , & Alloy , L. B. ( 2004 ). Emotional maltreatment from parents, verbal peer victimization, and cognitive vulnerability to depression . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 28 , 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. , Alloy , L. B. , Abramson , L. Y. , Rose , D. T. , Whitehouse , W. G. , et al. . ( 2001 ). History of childhood maltreatment, depressogenic cognitive style, and episodes of depression in adulthood . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 25 , 425 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. , Benas , J. S. , Crossett , S. E. , & Uhrlass , D. J. ( 2007 ). Emotional maltreatment and verbal victimization in childhood: Relation to adults' depressive cognitions and symptoms . Journal of Emotional Abuse , 7 , 59 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , S. , & Juvonen , J. ( 1998 ). Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: An attributional analysis . Developmental Psychology , 34 , 587 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotpeter , J. K. , & Crick , N. R. ( 1996 ). Relational aggression, overt aggression, and friendship . Child Development , 67 , 2328 – 2338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanish , L. D. , & Guerra , N. G. ( 2000 ). Children who get victimized at school: What is known? What can be done? Professional School Counseling , 4 , 113 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Hankin , B. L. ( 2005 ). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: Prospective tests of attachment, cognitive vulnerability, and stress as mediating processes . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 29 , 645 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin , B. L. ( 2008 ). Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 117 , 324 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harter , S. ( 1982 ). The perceived competence scale for children . Child Development , 53 , 87 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harter , S. ( 1985 ). Manual for the self-perception profile for children . Denver , CO : University of Denver .
   Google Scholar
• Harter , S. (1990). Developmental differences in the nature of self-representations: Implications for the understanding, assessment, and treatment of maladaptive behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research , 14, 113–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harter , S. ( 2003a ). The development of self-representations . In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 506 – 561 ). New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Harter , S. ( 2003b ). The development of self-representations during childhood and adolescence . In R. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 610 – 642 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Hawker , D. S. J. , & Boulton , M. J. ( 2000 ). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 , 441 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges , E. V. E. , Boivin , M. , Vitaro , F. , & Bukowski , W. M. ( 1999 ). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization . Developmental Psychology , 35 , 94 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges , E. V. E. , & Perry , D. G. ( 1999 ). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 , 677 – 685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund , W. L. , & Leadbeater , B. J. ( 2007 ). Managing threat: Do social-cognitive processes mediate the link between peer victimization and adjustment problems in early adolescence? The Journal of Research on Adolescence , 17 , 525 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover , J. H. , Oliver , R. , & Hazler , R. J. ( 1992 ). Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in Midwestern USA . School Psychology International , 13 , 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , S. C. , & Boyle , J. M. E. ( 2002 ). Perceptions of control in the victims of school bullying: The importance of early intervention . Educational Research , 44 , 323 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , M. F. , Barth , J. M. , Powell , N. , & Lochman , J. E. ( 2006 ). Classroom contextual effects of race on children's peer nominations . Child Development , 77 , 1325 – 1337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquez , F. M. , Cole , D. A. , & Searle , B. ( 2004 ). Self-perceived competence as a mediator between maternal feedback and depressive symptoms in adolescents . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 , 355 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenson , J. M. , & Dieterich , W. A. ( 2007 ). Effects of a skills-based prevention program on bullying and bully victimization among elementary school children . Prevention Science , 8 , 285 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaslow , N. J. , Stark , K. D. , Printz , B. , Livingston , R. & Tsai , S. L. ( 1992 ). Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children: Development and relation to depression and anxiety . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 21 , 339 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukiainen , A. , Salmivalli , C. , Lagerspetz , K. , Tamminen , M. , Vauras , M. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Learning difficulties, social intelligence and self-concept: Connections to bully-victim problems . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 43 , 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. , Esveldt-Dawson , K. , French , N. H. , & Unis , A. S. ( 1987 ). Problem-solving skills, training and relationship therapy in the treatment of antisocial child behavior . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 , 76 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny , D. A. , & Kashy , D. A. ( 1992 ). Analysis of the multitrait–multimethod matrix by confirmatory factor analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 112 , 165 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochenderfer-Ladd , B. , & Ladd , G. W. ( 2001 ). Variations in peer victimization: Relations to children's maladjustment . In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 25 – 48 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs , M. ( 1985 ). The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) . Psychopharmacological Bulletin , 21 , 995 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , B. J. , & Ladd , G. W. ( 2001 ). Variations in peer victimization . In J. Juvonen & G. S. (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 25 – 47 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Ladd , G. W. ( 2006 ). Peer rejection, aggressive or withdrawn behavior, and psychological maladjustment from ages 5 to 12: An examination of four predictive models . Child Development , 77 , 822 – 846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , G. W. , & Kochenderfer-Ladd , B. ( 2002 ). Identifying victims of peer aggression from early to middle childhood: Analysis of cross-informant data for concordance, estimation of relational adjustment, prevalence of victimization, and characteristics of identified victims . Psychological Assessment , 14 , 74 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , G. W. , & Troop-Gordon , W. ( 2003 ). The role of chronic peer difficulties in the development of children's psychological adjustment problems . Child Development , 74 , 1344 – 1367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaGrange , B. , & Cole , D. A. ( 2008 ). An expansion of the trait-state-occasion model: Accounting for shared method variance . Structural Equation Modeling , 15 , 241 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. , Fairchild , A. J. , & Fritz , M. S. ( 2007 ). Mediation analysis . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 , 593 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , S. E. , & Cole , D. A. ( 2007 ). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation . Psychological Methods , 12 , 23 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead , G. H. ( 1934 ). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olweus , D. , Limber , S. P. , Flerx , V. C. , Mullin , N. , Riese , J. , & Snyder , M. ( 2007 ). Olweus Bullying Prevention Program: Schoolwide guide . Center City , MN : Hazelden .
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrini , A. , & Bartini , M. ( 2000 ). A longitudinal study of bullying, victimizatioin, and peer affiliation during the transistion from primary school to middle school . American Educational Research Journal , 37 , 699 – 725 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ping , R. A. ( 1996 ). Latent variable interaction and quadratic effect estimation: A two-step technique using structural equation analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 119 , 166 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin , F. , & Dishion , T. J. ( 2008 ). Methodological issues in the use of peer sociometric nominations with middle school youth . Social Development , 17 , 908 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinstein , M. J. , Boergers , J. , & Vernberg , E. M. ( 2001 ). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological functioning of aggressors and victims . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30 , 477 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Prinstein , M. J. , Cheah , C. S. , & Guyer , A. E. ( 2005 ). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 34 , 11 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivers , L. , & Smith , P. K. ( 1994 ). Types bullying behavior and their correlates . Aggressive Behavior , 20 ( 5 ), 359 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , A. J. , & Rudolph , K. D. ( 2006 ). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys . Psychological Bulletin , 132 , 98 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , D. T. , & Abramson , L. Y. ( 1992 ). Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive style: Research and theory . In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology, Vol. IV (pp. 323 – 349 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , P. J. , Milich , R. , & Harris , M. J. ( 2007 ). Victims of their own cognitions: Implicit social cognitions, emotional distress, and peer victimization . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 28 , 211 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , D. A. , Coles , M. E. , & Heimberg , R. G. ( 2002 ). The relationship between memories for childhood teasing and anxiety and depression in adulthood . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 16 , 149 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli , C. , & Isaacs , J. ( 2005 ). Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendlessness, and children's self- and peer-perceptions . Child Development , 76 , 1161 – 1171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer , M. , Werner , N. E. , & Crick , N. R. ( 2002 ). A comparison of two approaches to the study of negative peer treatment: General victimization and bully/victim problems among German school children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 20 , 281 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schniering , C. A. , & Rapee , R. M. (2002). Development and validation of a measure of children's automatic thoughts: The children's automatic thoughts scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40, 1091–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. , Shu , S. , & Madsen , K. ( 2001 ). Characteristics of victims of school bullying: Developmental changes in coping strategies and skills . In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vunerable and victimized (pp. 332 – 351 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Smucker , M. R. , Craighead , W. E. , Craighead , L. W. , & Green , B. J. ( 1986 ). Normative and reliability data for the children's depression inventory . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 14 , 25 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. E. ( 1982 ). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models . In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290 – 312 ). San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Storch , E. A. , Brassard , M. R. , & Masia-Warner , C. I. ( 2003 ). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence . Child Study Journal , 33 , 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Storch , E. A. , & Ledley , D. R. ( 2005 ). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment in children: Current knowledge and future directions . Clinical Pediatrics , 44 , 29 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch , E. A. , Nock , M. K. , Masia-Warner , C. L. , & Barlas , M. E. ( 2003 ). Peer victimization and social-psychological adjustment in Hispanic-American and African-American children . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 12 , 439 – 452 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , T. N. , Farrell , A. D. , & Kliewer , W. ( 2006 ). Peer victimization in early adolescence: Association between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors among urban middle school students . Development and Psychopathology , 18 , 119 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swearer , S. M. , Grills , A. E. , Haye , K. M. , & Cary , P. T. ( 2004 ). Internalizing problems in students involved in bullying and victimization: Implications for intervention . In D. L. Espelage & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools (pp. 63 – 83 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Timbremont , B. , Braet , C. , & Dreessen , L. ( 2004 ). Assessing depression in youth: Relation between the Children's Depression Inventory and a structured interview . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 , 149 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troop-Gordon , W. , & Ladd , G. W. ( 2005 ). Trajectories of peer victimization and perceptions of the self and schoolmates: Precursors to internalizing and externalizing problems . Child Development , 76 , 1072 – 1091 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar