Screening and Predicting Posttraumatic Stress and Depression in Children Following Single-Incident Trauma

REFERENCES

• Breslau , N. , Davis , G. C. , Peterson , E. L. , & Schultz , L. R. ( 2000 ). A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder–major depression connection . Biological Psychiatry , 48 , 902 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Rose , S. , Andrews , B. , Green , J. , Tata , P. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 181 , 158 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , R. A. , Salmon , K. , Sinclair , E. , & Davidson , P. ( 2007a ). A prospective study of appraisals in childhood posttraumatic stress disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 , 2502 – 2507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , R. A. , Salmon , K. , Sinclair , E. , & Davidson , P. ( 2007b ). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in injured children . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 20 , 1075 – 1079 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley , C. S. , Haines , B. A. , Hilt , L. M. , & Metalsky , G. I. ( 2001 ). The children's attributional style interview: Developmental tests of cognitive diathesis–stress theories of depression . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 29 , 445 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , C. , & Kenardy , J. ( 2008 , November ). A web-based early intervention for children and their parents following unintentional trauma . Paper presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies , Chicago , IL .
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers , A. , Mayou , R. A. , & Bryant , B. ( 2003 ). Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Results of a prospective longitudinal study . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 , 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. A. ( 2008 ). Cognitive and social support factors in ASD, PTSD and depression in children and adolescents following single-incident trauma. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. A. , Nixon , R. D. V. , & Williamson , P. ( 2009 ). The effects of social support and negative cognitions on acute stress symptoms and depression in children and adolescents . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 48 , 347 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. , Jonson , K. M. , Feeny , N. C. , & Treadwell , K. R. ( 2001 ). The child PTSD symptom scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30 , 376 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , A. G. , Watkins , E. , Mansell , W. , & Shafran , R. ( 2004 ). Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kassam-Adams , N. , Garcia-Espana , J. , Fein , J. A. , & Winston , F. K. ( 2005 ). Heart rate and posttraumatic stress in injured children . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 , 335 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassam-Adams , N. , Garcia-Espana , J. F. , Miller , V. A. , & Winston , F. ( 2006 ). Parent–child agreement regarding children's acute stress: The role of parent acute stress reactions . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 45 , 1485 – 1493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassam-Adams , N. , Marks , A. , & Winston , F. ( 2005 , November ). A stepped approach to secondary prevention of PTSD in injured children . Paper presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies , Toronto , Ontario , Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Kassam-Adams , N. , & Winston , F. K. ( 2004 ). Predicting child PTSD: The relationship between Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and PTSD in injured children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 , 403 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , J. , Birmaher , B. , Brent , D. , Rao , U. , Flynn , C. , et al. . ( 1997 ). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children–Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 980 – 988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenardy , J. A. , Spence , S. H. , & Macleod , A. C. ( 2006 ). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in children after accidental injury . Pediatrics , 118 , 1002 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick , D. G. , Ruggiero , K. J. , Acierno , R. , Saunders , B. E. , Resnick , H. S. , & Best , C. L. ( 2003 ). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 71 , 692 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs , M. ( 1992 ). The Child's Depression Inventory . Tonawanda , NY : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• McKinnon , A. C. , Nixon , R. D. V. , & Brewer , N. ( 2008 ). The influence of data-driven processing on memory quality and intrusive symptoms in children following traumatic events . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 , 766 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiser-Stedman , R. , Smith , P. , Bryant , R. , Salmon , K. , Yule , W. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Development and validation of the Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI) . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 50 , 432 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiser-Stedman , R. , Yule , W. , Smith , P. , Glucksman , E. , & Dalgleish , T. ( 2005 ). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in assaults or motor vehicle accidents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 , 1381 – 1383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader , K. O. , Newman , E. , Weathers , F. W. , Kaloupek , D. G. , Kriegler , J. A. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS–CA) (Revised for DSM–IV, October 1998 ed.). Boston: National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. ( 2006 ). CDC injury fact book . Atlanta , GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Nugent , N. R. , Christopher , N. C. , & Delahanty , D. L. ( 2006 ). Emergency medical service and in-hospital vital signs as predictors of subsequent PTSD symptom severity in pediatric injury patients . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 , 919 – 926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , M. L. , Creamer , M. C. , Parslow , R. , Elliott , P. , Holmes , A. C. N. , et al.. (2008). A predictive screening index for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following traumatic injury. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 76, 923–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin , S. , Meiser-Stedman , R. , & Smith , P. ( 2005 ). The children's revised impact of event scale (CRIES): Validity as a screening instrument for PTSD . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 33 , 487 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. , Frederick , C. , Nader , K. , Arroyo , W. , Steinberg , A. , et al. . ( 1987 ). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-aged children . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 , 1057 – 1063 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. , Yule , W. , Perrin , S. , Tranah , T. , Dalgleish , T. , & Clark , D. M. ( 2007 ). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 46 , 1051 – 1061 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallard , P. , Velleman , R. , & Baldwin , S. ( 1998 ). Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents . British Medical Journal , 317 , 1619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallard , P. , Velleman , R. , & Baldwin , S. ( 1999 ). Psychological screening of children for post-traumatic stress disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 40 , 1075 – 1082 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers , F. W. ( 2004 ). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS): Technical manual . Los Angeles , CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Winston , F. K. , Kassam-Adams , N. , Garcia-Espana , F. , Ittenbach , R. , & Cnaan , A. ( 2003 ). Screening for risk of persistent posttraumatic stress in injured children and their parents . Journal of the American Medical Association , 290 , 643 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule , W. ( 1997 ). Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder in children . In I. Sclare (Ed.), The NFER Child Portfolio (pp. 35 – 38 ). Windsor , UK : NFER-Nelson .
   Google Scholar