Corporal Punishment, Maternal Warmth, and Child Adjustment: A Longitudinal Study in Eight Countries

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. ( 1991 ). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL 14-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles . Burlington : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. ( 2004 ). Cross-cultural perspectives on developmental psychopathology . In U. P. Gielen & J. Roopnarine (Eds.), Childhood and adolescence: Cross-cultural perspectives and applications (pp. 411 – 429 ). Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Alampay , L. P. , & Jocson , R. M. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in the Philippines . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 163 – 176 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hassan , S. , & Takash , H. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Jordan . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 142 – 151 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett , J. J. ( 2008 ). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American . American Psychologist , 63 , 602 – 614 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind , D. ( 1967 ). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 75 , 43 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumrind , D. , Larzelere , R. E. , & Cowan , P. A. ( 2002 ). Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002) . Psychological Bulletin , 128 , 580 – 589 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombi , A. S. , Pastorelli , C. , Bacchini , D. , Di Giunta , L. , Miranda , M. , & Zelli , Z. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Italy . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 129 – 141 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonett , D. G. ( 2012 ). Replication-extension studies . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 21 , 409 – 412 . doi: 10.1177/0963721412459512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , M. H. (Ed.) . ( 2010 ). The handbook of cultural developmental science. Part 1. Domains of development across cultures. Part 2. Development in different places on earth . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein , M. H. , Hahn , C.-S. , Suwalsky , J. T. D. , & Haynes , O. M. ( 2002 ). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: The Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Social Status and the Socioeconomic Index of Occupations . In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 29–82). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein , M. H. , Putnick , D. L. , & Lansford , J. E. ( 2011 ). Parenting attributions and attitudes in cross-cultural perspective . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 214 – 237 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card , N. A. (Ed.) . ( 2012 ). Applied meta-analysis for social science research . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , L. , Chen , B.-B. , & Ji , L. Q. ( 2011 ). Parenting attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in China . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 102 – 115 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child Trends . ( 2009 ). Attitudes towards spanking . Retrieved from www.childtrendsdatabank.org/?q=node/187
   Google Scholar
• Crijnen , A. A. M. , Achenbach , T. M. , & Verhulst , F. C. ( 1997 ). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in 12 cultures: Total problems, externalizing, and internalizing . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 1269 – 1277 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-199709000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling , N. , & Steinberg , L. ( 1993 ). Parenting style as context: An integrative model . Psychological Bulletin , 113 , 487 – 496 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard , K. , Ivy , L. , & Petrill , S. A. ( 2006 ). Maternal warmth moderates the link between physical punishment and child externalizing problems: A parent-offspring behavioral genetic analysis . Parenting: Science and Practice , 6 , 59 – 78 . doi: 10.1207/s15327922par0601_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard , K. , Lansford , J. E. , Malone , P. S. , Alampay , L. P. , Sorbring , E. , Bacchini , D. , … Al-Hassan , S. M. ( 2011 ). The association between parental warmth and control in thirteen cultural groups . Journal of Family Psychology , 25 , 790 – 794 . doi: 10.1037/a0025120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wolff , M. , & van IJzendoorn , M. H. ( 1997 ). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment . Child Development , 68 , 571 – 591 . doi: 10.2307/1132107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giunta , L. , Uribe Tirado , L. M. , & Márquez , L. A. A. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Colombia . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 116 – 128 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrant , J. E. ( 1999 ). Evaluating the success of Sweden's corporal punishment ban . Child Abuse and Neglect , 23 , 435 – 448 . doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00021-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkut , S. ( 2010 ). Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research . Child Development Perspectives , 4 , 19 – 24 . doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germán , M. , Gonzales , N. A. , McClain , D. B. , Dumka , L. , & Millsap , R. ( 2013 ). Maternal warmth moderates the link between harsh discipline and later externalizing behaviors for Mexican American adolescents . Parenting: Science and Practice , 13 , 169 – 177 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2013.756353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff , E. T. ( 2002 ). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review . Psychological Bulletin , 128 , 539 – 579 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff , E. T. , Grogan-Kaylor , A. , Lansford , J. E. , Chang , L. , Zelli , A. , Deater-Deckard , K. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 2010 ). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness . Child Development , 81 , 487 – 502 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracia , E. , Lila , M. S. , & Musitu , G. ( 2005 ). Parental rejection and psychological and social adjustment of children . Salud Mental , 28 , 73 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grusec , J. E. , & Goodnow , J. J. ( 1994 ). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view . Developmental Psychology , 30 , 4 – 19 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich , J. , Heine , S. J. , & Norenzayan , A. ( 2010 ). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 33 , 1 – 75 . doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh , D. , Tristan , J. , Wade , E. , & Stice , E. ( 2006 ). Does problem behavior elicit poor parenting?: A prospective study of adolescent girls . Journal of Adolescent Research , 21 , 185 – 204 . doi: 10.1177/0743558405285462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariger , P. , Frongillo , E. A. , Engle , P. , Rebello Britto , P. M. , Sywulka , S. M. , & Menon , P. ( 2012 ). Indicators of family care for development for use with multi-country surveys . Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition , 30 , 472 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaleque , A. , & Rohner , R. P. ( 2002 ). Reliability of measures assessing the pancultural association between perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 33 , 87 – 99 . doi: 10.1177/0022022102033001006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , A. , & Moosbrugger , H. (2000). Maximum likelihood estimation of latent interaction effects with the LMS method. Psychometrika , 65, 457–474. doi: 10.1007/BF02296338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska , G. , Barry , R. A. , Stellern , S. A. , & O'Bleness , J. J. ( 2009 ). Early attachment organization moderates the parent–child mutually coercive pathway to children's antisocial conduct . Child Development , 80 , 1288 – 1300 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01332.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , Alampay , L. , Bacchini , D. , Bombi , A. S. , Bornstein , M. H. , Chang , L. , … Zelli , A. ( 2010 ). Corporal punishment of children in nine countries as a function of child gender and parent gender . International Journal of Pediatrics , 2010 , 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , & Bornstein , M. H. ( 2011 ). Parenting attributions and attitudes in diverse cultural contexts: Introduction to the special issue . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 87 – 101 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , Bornstein , M. H. , Dodge , K. A. , Skinner , A. T. , Putnick , D. L. , & Deater-Deckard , K. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in the United States . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 199 – 213 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , Chang , L. , Dodge , K. A. , Malone , P. S. , Oburu , P. , Palmérus , K. , … Quinn , N. ( 2005 ). Physical discipline and children's adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator . Child Development , 76 , 1234 – 1246 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00847.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , Criss , M. M. , Laird , R. D. , Shaw , D. S. , Pettit , G. S. , Bates , J. E. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 2011 ). Reciprocal relations between parents’ physical discipline and children's externalizing behavior during middle childhood and adolescence . Development and Psychopathology , 23 , 225 – 238 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , & Deater-Deckard , K. ( 2012 ). Childrearing discipline and violence in developing countries . Child Development , 83 , 62 – 75 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01676.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , & Dodge , K. A. ( 2008 ). Cultural norms for adult corporal punishment of children and societal rates of endorsement and use of violence . Parenting: Science and Practice , 8 , 257 – 270 . doi: 10.1080/15295190802204843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford , J. E. , Malone , P. S. , Dodge , K. A. , Chang , L. , Chaudhary , N. , Tapanya , S. , … Deater-Deckard , K. ( 2010 ). Children's perceptions of maternal hostility as a mediator of the link between discipline and children's adjustment in four countries . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 34 , 452 – 461 . doi: 10.1177/0165025409354933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. , & Martin , J. A. ( 1983 ). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction . In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. IV. Socialization, personality, and social development ( , 4th ed. , pp. 1 – 101 ). New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , M. J. , Nicklas , E. , Brooks-Gunn , J. , & Waldfogel , J. ( 2011 ). Who spanks infants and toddlers? Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study . Children and Youth Services Review , 33 , 1364 – 1373 . doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , L. , Roland , E. , Coffelt , N. , Olson , A. L. , Forehand , R. , Massari , C. , … Zens , M. S. ( 2007 ). Harsh parental discipline and child problem behaviors: The roles of positive parenting and gender . Journal of Family Violence 22 , 187 – 196 . doi: 10.1007/s10896-007-9070-6
   Google Scholar
• McLoyd , V. C. , & Smith , J. ( 2002 ). Physical discipline and behavior problems in African American, European American and Latino children: Emotional support as a moderator . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 64 , 40 – 53 . doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00040.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , B. , & Asparouhov , T. ( 2003 , March 5 ). Modeling interactions between latent and observed continuous variables using maximum-likelihood estimation in Mplus (Version 1).
   Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. K. , & Muthén , B. O. ( 2012 ). Mplus user's guide () , 7th ed. . Los Angeles , CA : Muthén & Muthén .
   Google Scholar
• Oburu , P. O. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Kenya . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 152 – 162 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasalich , D. S. , Dadds , M. R. , Hawes , D. J. , & Brennan , J. ( 2011 ). Do callous-unemotional traits moderate the relative importance of parental coercion versus warmth in child conduct problems? An observational study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 52 , 1308 – 1315 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02435.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , G. R. , & Fisher , P. A. ( 2002 ). Recent developments in our understanding of parenting: Bidirectional effects, causal models, and the search for parsimony . In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5. Practical issues in parenting ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 59 – 88 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Rohner , R. P. ( 2005 ). Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): Test manual . In R. P. Rohner & A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection ( , 4th ed. , pp. 43 – 106 ). Storrs : Center for the Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection, University of Connecticut .
   Google Scholar
• Rohner , R. P. , Bourque , S. L. , & Elordi , C. A. ( 1996 ). Children's perceptions of corporal punishment, caretaker acceptance, and psychological adjustment in a poor, biracial southern community . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 58 , 842 – 852 . doi: 10.2307/353974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohner , R. P. , Khaleque , A. , & Cournoyer , D. E. ( 2005 ). Parental acceptance-rejection theory, methods, evidence, and implications . In R. P. Rohner & A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection ( , 4th ed. , pp. 1 – 35 ). Storrs : Center for the Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection, University of Connecticut .
   Google Scholar
• Sadowski , L. S. , Hunter , W. M. , Bangdiwala , S. E. , & Munoz , S. R. ( 2004 ). The World Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment: A model of a multi-national study of family violence . Injury Control and Safety Promotion , 11 , 81 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schafer , J. L. , & Graham , J. W. ( 2002 ). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art . Psychological Methods , 7 , 147 – 177 . doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. J. , Cavell , T. A. , & Hughes , H. N. ( 2003 ). A sense of containment: Potential moderator of the relation between parenting practices and children's externalizing behaviors . Development and Psychopathology , 15 , 95 – 117 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579403000063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , R. L. , Wu , C. , Lin , K. , Gordon , L. C. , & Conger , R. D. ( 2000 ). A cross-cultural examination of the link between corporal punishment and adolescent antisocial behavior . Criminology , 38 , 47 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorbring , E. , & Gurdal , S. ( 2011 ). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Sweden . Parenting: Science and Practice , 11 , 177 – 189 . doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacks , A. M. , Oshio , T. , Gerard , J. , & Roe , J. ( 2009 ). The moderating effect of parental warmth on the association between spanking and child aggression: A longitudinal approach . Infant and Child Development , 18 , 178 – 194 . doi: 10.1002/icd.596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus , M. A. , Hamby , S. L. , Findelor , D. , Moore , D. W. , & Runyan , D. ( 1998 ). Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents . Child Abuse and Neglect , 22 , 249 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus , M. A. , & Stewart , J. H. ( 1999 ). Corporal punishment by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family characteristics . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 2 , 55 – 70 . doi: 10.1023/A:1021891529770
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNICEF Division of Policy and Planning . ( 2006 ). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey manual 2005: Monitoring the situation of children and women . New York , NY : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1989). United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Geneva . Washington , DC : Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Available from http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child . ( 2007 ). General comment number 8: The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment. Available from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/407/71/PDF/G0740771.pdf?OpenElement
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Program . ( 2009 ). Human development reports. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/indices/hdi
   Google Scholar
• Weisz , J. R. , Suwanlert , S. , Chaiyasit , W. , & Walter , B. R. ( 1987 ). Over- and undercontrolled referral problems among children and adolescents from Thailand and the United States: The wat and wai of cultural differences . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 , 719 – 726 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whipple , E. E. , & Richey , C. A. ( 1997 ). Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: How much is too much? Child Abuse and Neglect , 21 , 431 – 444 . doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00004-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Color versions of one or more figures in the article can be found online at www.taylorandfrancis.com/hcap.
   Google Scholar