Event-Related Household Discussions Following the Boston Marathon Bombing and Associated Posttraumatic Stress Among Area Youth

REFERENCES

• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 187–203. doi:10.1007/bf01441484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 399–408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Dantowitz, A., Chou, T., Edson, A. L., Elkins, R. M., Kerns, C. … Green, J. G. (2014). Adjustment among area youth after the Boston Marathon bombing and subsequent manhunt. Pediatrics, 134, 7–14. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-4115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Fan, B., Duarte, C. S., Wu, P., Musa, G. J., Mandell, D. J. … Hoven, C. W. (2010). Attack-related life disruption and child psychopathology in New York City public schoolchildren 6-months post-9/11. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39, 460–469. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.486314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Beidas, R. S., Weiner, C. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Children and terrorism-related news: Training parents in coping and media literacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 568–578. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.4.568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2007). Terrorism: The psychological impact on youth. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 179–212. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00078.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Kerns, C. E., Elkins, R. M., Edson, A. L., Chou, T., Dantowitz, A., … Green, J. G. (2014). Adjustment among children with relatives who participated in the manhunt following the Boston Marathon attack. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 542–550. doi:10.1002/da.22281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum, K. I., Cornacchio, D., Greif Green, J., & Comer, J. S. (2015). Conduct problems among Boston-area youth following the 2013 Marathon: The moderating role of prior violent crime exposure. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. Accepted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 539–564. doi:10.1017/s0954579401003078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVoe, E. R., Bannon, W. M., & Klein, T. P. (2006). Post-9/11 helpseeking by New York City parents on behalf of highly exposed young children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 167–175. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix, E., You, S., Vernberg, E., & Canino, G. (2013). Family influences on the long term post-disaster recovery of Puerto Rican youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 111–124. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9654-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disasters and youth: A meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 765–780. doi:10.1037/a0021482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto, A., Reich, M. R., Suzuki, Y., Tsutomi, H., Watanabe, E., & Yasumura, S. (2014). Parenting in Fukushima City in the post-disaster period: Short-term strategies and long-term perspectives. Disasters, 38, s179–s189. doi:10.1111/disa.12070
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. L., Korol, M., Grace, M. C., Vary, M. G., Leonard, A. C., Gleser, G. C., & Smitson-Cohen, S. (1991). Children and disaster: Age, gender, and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 945–951. doi:10.1097/00004583-199111000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafstad, G. S., Gil-Rivas, V., Kilmer, R. P., & Raeder, S. (2010). Parental adjustment, family functioning, and posttraumatic growth among Norwegian children and adolescents following a natural disaster. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 248–257. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01028.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599–610. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.4.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D. … Susser, E. (2005). Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 545–552. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, P.C., & Comer, J.S. (2011). Research methods in clinical psychology. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 52–75). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kerns, C. E., Elkins, R. M., Carpenter, A. L., Chou, T., Green, J. G., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Caregiver distress, shared traumatic exposure, and child adjustment among area youth following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 50–55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2010). Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by Hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the phenomenon and developmental considerations. Child Development, 81, 1211–1227. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01463.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca, A. M. (2007). Understanding the psychological impact of terrorism on youth: Moving beyond posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 219–223. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00080.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Llabre, M. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2013). Children’s postdisaster trajectories of PTS symptoms: Predicting chronic distress. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42, 351–369. doi:10.1007/s10566-013-9206-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Lai, B., & Jaccard, J. (2010). Hurricane-related exposure experiences and stressors, other life events, and social support: Concurrent and prospective impact on children’s persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 794–805. doi:10.1037/a0020775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, B. S., Kelley, M. L., Harrison, K. M., Thompson, J. E., & Self-Brown, S. (2014). Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms among children after Hurricane Katrina: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1262–1270. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9934-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, S. R., Godoy, L., Rhodes, J. E., & Carter, A. S. (2013). Predicting mothers’ reports of children’s mental health three years after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 227–257. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C., Policansky, S. K., & Irwin, C. (1987). A longitudinal study of the psychological morbidity in children due to a natural disaster. Psychological Medicine, 17, 727–738. doi:10.1017/s0033291700025964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A., Fairbank, J. A., Gruber, M. J., Jones, R. T., Lakoma, M. D., Pfefferbaum, B., … Kessler, R. C. (2009). Serious emotional disturbance among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina 2 years postdisaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 1069–1078. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1991). Origins of childhood fears: An evaluation of Rachman’s theory of fear acquisition. Behavior Research and Therapy, 29, 117–123. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90039-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Krug, R. S., Tivis, R. D., Moore, V. L., Brown, J. M., … Gurwich, R. M. (1999). Clinical needs assessment of middle and high school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1069–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Piacentini, J. C. (1999). A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1542–1554. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00262-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, G., Field, A. P., & Askew, C. (2014). Effect of vicarious fear learning on children’s heart rate responses and attentional bias for novel animals. Emotion, 14, 995–1006. doi:10.1037/a0037225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2008). Reconsideration of harm’s way: Onsets and comorbidity patterns of disorders in preschool children and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 508–518. doi:10.1080/15374410802148178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, W. K., & La Greca, A. M. (2002). Children experiencing disasters: Definitions, reactions, and predictors of outcomes. In A. M. La Greca, W. K. Silverman, E. M. Vernberg, & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism (pp. 11–33). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, A., Brymer, M., Decker, K., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004). The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6, 96–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoppa, T. M., Wray-Lake, L., Syvertsen, A. K., & Flanagan, C. (2011). Defining a moment in history: parent communication with adolescents about September 11, 2001. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1691–1704. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9676-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugland, C. C. O., Dyson, B. J., & Field, A. P. (2013). An ERP study of the interaction between verbal information and conditioning pathways to fear. Biological Psychology, 92, 69–81. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weems, C. F., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Child and adolescent mental health research in the context of Hurricane Katrina: An ecological needs-based perspective and introduction to the special section. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 487–494. doi:10.1080/15374410802148251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar