Longitudinal Relations Among Parental Monitoring Strategies, Knowledge, and Adolescent Delinquency in a Racially Diverse At-Risk Sample

REFERENCES

• Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers’ parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22, 944–997. doi:10.1177/019251301022008001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, G. H. (2003). Parental monitoring: Action and reaction. In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children’s influence on family dynamics (pp. 163–169). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55–71. doi:10.2307/1602387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, J. D., Pardini, D. A., & Loeber, R. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 679–692. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9219-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, L., & Jarrett, R. (2000). In the mix, yet on the margins: The place of families in urban neighborhood and child development research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1114–1135. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01114.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballo, R., & McLoyd, V. C. (2002). Social support and parenting in poor, dangerous neighborhoods. Child Development, 73, 1310–1321. doi:10.1111/cdev.2002.73.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernkovich, S. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2001). Stability and change in antisocial behavior: The transition from adolescence to early adulthood. Criminology, 39, 371–410. doi:10.1111/crim.2001.39.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, L. M., Schafer, J. L., & Kam, C. M. (2001). A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychological Methods, 6, 330–351. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1992). A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: The FAST Track Program. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 509–527. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2007). Fast Track randomized controlled trial to prevent externalizing psychiatric disorders: Findings from grades 3 to 9. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1250–1262. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31813e5d39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010). Fast Track intervention effects on youth arrests and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6, 131–157. doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9091-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouter, A. C., & Head, M. R. (2002). Parental monitoring and knowledge of children. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3: Being and becoming a parent (2nd ed., pp. 461–483). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Burgers, D., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 858–900. doi:10.1037/a0038498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R., Ionian, C., Cobb, B. K., Harrington, K., et al. (2001). Parental monitoring: Association with adolescents’ risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107, 1363–1268. doi:10.1542/peds.107.6.1363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 61–75. doi:10.1023/A:1021800432380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doyle, S. R., & McCarty, C. A. (2001). Supervision Questionnaire—Child (Grade 8, Year 9 Update) (Technical Rep.). Retrieved from http://www.fasttrackproject.org/
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Johnson, W., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2009). Parental monitoring, personality, and delinquency: Further support for a reconceptualization of monitoring. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder, G., Eccles, J., Ardelt, M., & Lord, S. (1995). Inner city parents under economic pressure: Perspective on the strategies of parenting. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57, 771–784. doi:10.2307/353931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, A. C., Steinberg, L., & Williams-Wheeler, M. (2004). Parental influences on adolescent problem behavior: Revisiting Stattin and Kerr. Child Development, 75, 781–796. doi:10.1111/cdev.2004.75.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosco, G. M., Stormshak, E. A., Dishion, T. J., & Winter, C. (2012). Family relationships and parental monitoring during middle school as predictors of early adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, 202–213. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.651989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furstenberg, F. F. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In W. Wilson (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231–258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Garbarino, J. (2000). The effects of neighborhood violence on children. In L. Batter, & C. Tamis-Lemonda (Eds.), Child psychology (pp. 412–425). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales, N., Cauce, A., Friedman, R., & Mason, C. (1996). Family, peer and neighborhood influences on academic achievement among African-American adolescents: One year prospective effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 365–387. doi:10.1007/BF02512027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, J. L., & Trickett, P. K. (1998). Community violence and child development: A review of research. In P. K. Trickett & C. Schellenbach (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and community (pp. 103–138). Washington, DC: APA Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, E. K., & Gullone, E. (2010). Discrepancies between adolescent, mother, and father reports of adolescent internalizing symptom levels and their association with parent symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 978–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. L. (1995). Growing up poor: The family experiences of socially mobile youth in low-income African American neighborhoods. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 111–135. doi:10.1177/0743554895101007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. L. (1997). African American family and parenting strategies in impoverished neighborhoods. Qualitative Sociology, 20, 275–288. doi:10.1023/A:1024717803273
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. L. (1999, Spring). Making a way: Successful parenting in high-risk neighborhoods. The Future of Children: When School is Out, 9, 45–50. doi:10.2307/1602704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. L., & Jefferson, S. (2003). “A good mother got to fight for her kids”: Maternal management strategies in a high-risk, African-American neighborhood. Journal of Children and Poverty, 9, 21–39. doi:10.1080/1079612022000052706
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D., Dodge, K. A., Foster, M. E., & Nix, R., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2002). Early identification of children at risk for costly mental health service use. Prevention Science, 3, 247–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J. T., VanderValk, I. E., & Meeus, W. (2010). Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 88–113. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00631.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keijsers, L., Frijns, T., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. (2009). Developmental links of adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and control with delinquency: Moderation by parental support. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1314–1327. doi:10.1037/a0016693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366–380. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, M., Stattin, J., & Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 39–64. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00623.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesner, J., Dishion, T. J., Poulin, F., & Pastore, M. (2009). Temporal dynamics linking aspects of parent monitoring with early adolescent antisocial behavior. Social Development, 18, 765–784. doi:10.1111/sode.2009.18.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilgore, K., Snyder, J., & Lentz, C. (2000). The contribution of parental discipline, parental monitoring, and school risk to early-onset conduct problems in African American boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 36, 835–845. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.6.835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotchick, B. A., & Forehand, R. L. (2002). Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 255–269. doi:10.1023/A:1016863921662
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1073–1137. doi:10.1037/a0035618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahey, B., VanHulle, C., D’Onofrio, B., Rodgers, J., & Waldman, I. (2008). Is parental knowledge of their adolescent offspring’s whereabouts and peer associations spuriously associated with offspring delinquency? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 807–823. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9214-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird, R. D., Marrero, M. M., & Sentse, M. (2011). Revisiting parental monitoring: Evidence that parental solicitation can be effective when needed most. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1431–1441. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9453-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Parents’ monitoring-relevant knowledge and adolescents’ delinquent behavior: Evidence of correlated developmental changes and reciprocal influences. Child Development, 74, 752–768. doi:10.1111/cdev.2003.74.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamborn, S. D., Dornbusch, S. M., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Ethnicity and community context as moderators of the relations between family decision making and adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 67, 283–301. doi:10.2307/1131814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippold, M. A., Greenberg, M. T., & Feinberg, M. E. (2011). A dyadic approach to understanding the relationship of maternal knowledge of youths’ activities to youths’ problem behavior among rural adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1178–1191. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9595-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippold, M., Greenberg, M., Graham, J., & Feinberg, M. (2014). Unpacking the effect of parental monitoring on early adolescent problem behavior: Mediation by parental knowledge and moderation by parent–youth warmth. Journal of Family Issues, 35, 1800–1823. doi:10.1177/0192513X13484120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Antisocial behavior and mental health problems. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Maton, K. I., Hrabowski, F. A., & Greif, G. L. (1998). Preparing the way: A qualitative study of high-achieving African American males and the role of the family. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 639–668. doi:10.1023/A:1022197006900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, R. J., Witkiewitz, J., & Kotler, J. S., & the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010). Predictive validity of callous-unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple antisocial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 752–763. doi:10.1037/a0020796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. K. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, P., Richards, M., Pearce, S., & Romero, E. (2012). Gender differences in monitoring and deviant peers as predictors of delinquent behavior among low-income urban African American youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 32, 431–459. doi:10.1177/0272431610397661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini, D. A. (2008). Novel insights into longstanding theories of bidirectional parent-child influences: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 627–631. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9231-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini, D. A., Fite, P. J., & Burke, J. D. (2008). Bidirectional associations between parenting practices and conduct problems in boys from childhood to adolescence: The moderating effect of age and African-American ethnicity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 647–662. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9162-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70, 768–778. doi:10.1111/cdev.1999.70.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72, 583–598. doi:10.1111/cdev.2001.72.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, P., Unger, J. B., Wagner, K. D., Ritt-Olson, A., & Sussman, S. (2008). Effects of parental monitoring, parent-child communication, and parent’s expectation of the child’s acculturation on the substance use behaviors of urban, Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 7, 200–213. doi:10.1080/15332640802055665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Racz, S. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2011). The relationship between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems: A 10-year update. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 377–398. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0099-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennison, C. M., & Rand, M. R. (2003). Criminal victimization, 2002 ( NCJ199994). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Salzinger, S., Feldman, R., Stockhammer, T., & Hood, J. (2002). An ecological framework for understanding risk for exposure to community violence and the effects of exposure on children and adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 423–451. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00078-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514. doi:10.1007/BF02296192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebens, J. (2013). Extended measures of well-being: Living conditions in the United States: 2011. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Smetana, J. G., Villalobos, M., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., Gettman, D. C., & Campione-Barr, N. (2010). Keeping secrets from parents: Daily variations among poor, urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 321–331. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., Dupree, D., & Hartmann, T. (1997). A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (P-VEST): A self-organization perspective in context. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 817–833. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., Dupree, D., Swanson, D. P., & Cunningham, M. (1996). Parental monitoring and adolescents’ sense of responsibility for their own learning: An examination of sex differences. Journal of Negro Education, 65, 30–43. doi:10.2307/2967366
   Google Scholar
• Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072–1085. doi:10.1111/cdev.2000.71.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., Dorbusch, S., & Brown, B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47, 723–729. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry, T., Huizinga, D., & Loeber, R. (1995). The prevention of serious delinquency and violence: Implications from the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. In J. Howell, B. Krisberg, J. Hawkins, & J. Wilson (Eds.), Sourcebook on serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders (pp. 213–237). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tilton-Weaver, L., Kerr, M., Pakalniskeine, V., Tokic, A., Salihovic, S., & Stattin, H. (2010). Open up or close down: How do parental reactions affect youth information management? Journal of Adolescence, 33, 333–346. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10. doi:10.1007/BF02291170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaala, S. E., & Bleakley, A. (2015). Monitoring, mediating, and modeling: Parental influence on adolescent computer and internet use in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 9, 40–57. doi:10.1080/17482798.2015.997103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, M. E. (2015). Development of maladaptive coping: A functional adaptation to chronic, uncontrollable stress. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 96–100. doi:10.1111/cdep.2015.9.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, M. E., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with economic strain and family conflict: The adolescent perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243–274. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werthamer-Larsson, L., Kellam, S. G., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Effects of first grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 585–602. doi:10.1007/BF00937993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, T., & Hamza, C. A. (2011). A longitudinal examination of the bidirectional associations among perceived parenting behaviors, adolescent disclosure and problem behavior across the high school years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 463–478. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9567-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar