Maternal Childhood Maltreatment History and Child Mental Health: Mechanisms in Intergenerational Effects

REFERENCES

• Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the teacher’s report form and teacher version of the child behavior profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Afifi, T. O., Brownridge, D. A., Cox, B. J., & Sareen, J. (2006). Physical punishment, childhood abuse and psychiatric disorders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 1093–1103. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi, T. O., Mather, A., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., Enns, M. W., Macmillan, H., & Sareen, J. (2011). Childhood adversity and personality disorders: Results from a nationally representative population-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 814–822. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20, 292–301. doi:10.1176/jnp.2008.20.3.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., Dulmen, M. H. M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 235–245. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, H. N., DeOliveira, C. A., Wolfe, V. V., Evans, E. M., & Hartwick, C. (2012). The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 236–246. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyard, V. (1997). The impact of childhood sexual abuse and family functioning on four dimensions of women’s later parenting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 1095–1107. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00068-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin, L. J., Appleyard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Development, 82, 162–176. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01547.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosquet, M., & Egeland, B. (2006). The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescence in a longitudinal sample. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 517–550. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosquet Enlow, M., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., Blood, E., & Wright, R. J. (2014). Mother-infant attachment and the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 41–65. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosquet Enlow, M., Kullowatz, A., Staudenmayer, J., Spasojevic, J., Ritz, T., & Wright, R. J. (2009). Associations of maternal lifetime trauma and perinatal traumatic stress symptoms with infant cardiorespiratory reactivity to psychological challenge. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 607–614. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ad1c8b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., Oquendo, M., Birmaher, B., Greenhill, L., Kolko, D., Stanley, B., & Mann, J. J. (2004). Family transmission of mood disorders: Convergence and divergence with tranmission of suicidal behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1259–1266. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000135619.38392.78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 82–98. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., Kaltman, S., & Green, B. L. (2008). Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 223–226. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky, B. S., Mann, J. J., Stanley, B., Tin, A., Oquendo, M., Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. (2008). Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: Factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and offspring suicide attempts. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 584–596. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, K. B., Van Dulmen, M. H. M., Carlivati, J., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., Forman, D. R., & Carlson, E. A. (2005). Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: The importance of independent data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 490–499. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00367.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children’s development. Psychiatry, 56, 96–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Van Der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 399–408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, C., Zorbas, P., & Charuvastra, A. (2008). Attachment organization, emotion regulation, and expectations of support in a clinical sample of women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 282–289. doi:10.1002/jts.20339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collishaw, S., Dunn, J., O’Connor, T. G., & Golding, J., & The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. (2007). Maternal childhood abuse and offspring adjustment over time. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 367–383. doi:10.10170S0954579407070186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman, R. A., & Widom, C. S. (2004). Childhood abuse and neglect and adult intimate relationships: A prospective study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 1133–1151. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 539–564. doi:10.1017/S0954579401003078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiLillo, D., & Damashek, A. (2003). Parenting characteristics of women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 8, 319–333. doi:10.1177/1077559503257104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dixon, L., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2009). Patterns of risk and protective factors in the intergenerational cycle of maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 24, 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9215-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubowitz, H., Black, M. M., Kerr, M. A., Hussey, J. M., Morrel, T. M., Everson, M. D., & Starr, R. H., Jr (2001). Type and timing of mothers’ victimization: Effects on mothers and children. Pediatrics, 107, 728–735. doi:10.1542/peds.107.4.728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, O. (1961). A socioeconomic index for all occupations. In A. J. Reiss, Jr. (Ed.), Occupations and social status (pp. 109–138). New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, E. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Slopen, N., Rosand, J., & Smoller, J. W. (2013). Developmental timing of child maltreatment and symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood: Results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 955–964. doi:10.1002/da.22102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvir, Y., Ford, J. D., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. A. (2014). Childhood maltreatment: Emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22, 149–161. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, V. J., Holden, G. W., Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: Results from the adverse childhood experiences study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1453–1460. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, B., Bosquet, M., & Levy Chung, A. K. (2002). Continuities and discontinuities in the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment: Implications for breaking the cycle of abuse. In K. Browne, H. Hanks, P. Stratton, & C. Hamilton (Eds.), Early prediction and prevention of child abuse: A handbook (pp. 217–232). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Egeland, B., Breitenbucher, M., & Rosenberg, D. (1980). Prospective study of the significance of life stress in the etiology of child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 195–205. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.48.2.195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1988). Breaking the cycle of abuse. Child Development, 59, 1080–1088. doi:10.2307/1130274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Erickson, M. (1983). The developmental consequence of different patterns of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 459–469. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(83)90053-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enlow, M. B., Egeland, B., Blood, E., Wright, R. O., & Wright, R. J. (2012). Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years: A longitudinal study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 66, 1005–1010. doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 147–166. doi:10.2307/3333831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essex, M. J., Shirtcliff, E. A., Burk, L. R., Ruttle, P. L., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., & Armstrong, J. M. (2011). Influence of early life stress on later hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning and its covariation with mental health symptoms: A study of the allostatic process from childhood into adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 1039–1058. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Woodward, L. J. (2000). The stability of child abuse reports: A longitudinal study of the reporting behaviour of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 30, 529–544. doi:10.1017/S0033291799002111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen, M. D., Woodward, L. J., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2010). Childhood exposure to sexual abuse and partnership outcomes at age 30. Psychological Medicine, 40, 679–688. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458–490. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145–173. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 260–273. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2004.45.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hien, D., & Bukszpan, C. (1999). Interpersonal violence in a “normal” low-income control group. Women & Health, 29, 1–16. doi:10.1300/J013v29n04_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, E. A., Silver, R. C., & Waitzkin, H. (2000). Traumatic life events in primary care patients: A study in an ethnically diverse sample. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 802–810. doi:10.1001/archfami.9.9.802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118, 933–942. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasius, M. C., Ferdinand, R. F., Van Den Berg, H., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Associations between different diagnostic approaches for child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 625–632. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1997.38.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Davis, C. G., & Kendler, K. S. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1101–1119. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 706–716. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. C., Abram, K. M., Romero, E. G., Washburn, J. J., Welty, L. J., & Teplin, L. A. (2011). Childhood maltreatment and psychiatric disorders among detained youths. Psychiatric Services, 62, 1430–1438. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.004412010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., & Gibbons, R. D. (1998). Psychiatric disorders with onset in the preschool years: I. Stability of diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1246–1254. doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liotti, G. (2004). Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 472–486. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K., & Block, D. (1996). The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 257–275. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMillan, H. L., Tanaka, M., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., & Boyle, M. H. (2013). Child physical and sexual abuse in a community sample of young adults: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matas, L., Arend, R. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978). Continuity of Adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competence. Child Development, 49, 547–556. doi:10.2307/1128221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children’s emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1525–1542. doi:10.1111/cdev.2002.73.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010). Research review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1079–1095. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185–204. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, M. O., Singer, L. T., Minnes, S., Kim, H., & Short, E. (2013). Mediating links between maternal childhood trauma and preadolescent behavioral adjustment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 831–851. doi:10.1177/0886260512455868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, J. K., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2011). Maternal experiences of childhood abuse and intimate partner violence: Psychopathology and functional impairment in clinical children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 700–711. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, J. K., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2013a). Maternal childhood abuse, intimate partner violence, and child psychopathology: The mediator role of mothers’ mental health. Violence Against Women, 19, 50–68. doi:10.1177/1077801212475337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, J. K., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2013b). Multiple mediators of the relationships among maternal childhood abuse, intimate partner violence, and offspring psychopathology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 2941–2965. doi:10.1177/0886260513488686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moehler, E., Biringen, Z., & Poustka, L. (2007). Emotional availability in a sample of mothers with a history of abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 624–628. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2013). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., Harris, W. W., & Putnam, F. W. (2009). The cumulative burden borne by offspring whose mothers were sexually abused as children: Descriptive results from a multigenerational study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 424–449. doi:10.1177/0886260508317194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes, M. (2012). Measuring socioeconomic status. Retrieved from http://www.esourceresearchorg/Portals/0/Uploads/Documents/Public/Oakes_FullChapter.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011). Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: An integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 214, 55–70. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, J., Vickers, K., Atkinson, L., Gonzalez, A., Wekerle, C., & Levitan, R. (2012). Parenting stress mediates between maternal maltreatment history and maternal sensitivity in a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 433–437. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesonen, A. K., & Raikkonen, K. (2012). The lifespan consequences of early life stress. Physiology & Behavior, 106, 722–727. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant, D. T., Barker, E. D., Waters, C. S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2013). Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and psychopathology: The role of antenatal depression. Psychological Medicine, 43, 519–528. doi:10.1017/S0033291712001298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijlaarsdam, J., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Jansen, P. W., Ringoot, A. P., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2014). Maternal childhood maltreatment and offspring emotional and behavioral problems: Maternal and paternal mechanisms of risk transmission. Child Maltreatment, 19, 67–78. doi:10.1177/1077559514527639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R., O’Connor, T., Dunn, J., & Golding, J., & The ALSPAC Study Team. (2004). The effects of child sexual abuse in later family life; mental health, parenting and adjustment of offspring. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 525–545. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2001). A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 799–815. doi:10.1023/A:1013002507972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackman, J. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2014). Impact of physical maltreatment on the regulation of negative affect and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1021–1033. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafer, J., & Graham, J. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, A., Huston, L., & Egeland, B. (2008). Identification of child maltreatment using prospective and self-report methodologies: A comparison of maltreatment incidence and relation to later psychopathology. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 682–692. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, A., Yates, T. M., & Egeland, B. R. (2009). The relation of emotional maltreatment to early adolescent competence: Developmental processes in a prospective study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperry, D. M., & Widom, C. S. (2013). Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective investigation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 415–425. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, G., & Featherman, D. L. (1981). A revised socioeconomic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 10, 364–395. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(81)90011-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, T. M., Obradović, J., & Egeland, B. (2010). Transactional relations across contextual strain, parenting quality, and early childhood regulation and adaptation in a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 539–555. doi:10.1017/S095457941000026X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielinski, D. S. (2009). Child maltreatment and adult socioeconomic well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 666–678. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar