Dampening Positive Affect and Neural Reward Responding in Healthy Children: Implications for Affective Inflexibility

REFERENCES

• Admon, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015a). Corticostriatal pathways contribute to the natural time course of positive mood. Nature Communications, 6(10065), 1–11. doi:10.1038/ncomms10065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Admon, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015b). Dysfunctional reward processing in depression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 114–118. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Barch, D. M., Burgess, G. C., Harms, M. P., Petersen, S. E., Schlaggar, B. L., Corbetta, M., … Van Essen, D. C. (2013). Function in the human connectome: Task-fMRI and individual differences in behavior. NeuroImage, 80, 169–189. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barch, D. M., Pagliaccio, D., & Luking, K. R. (2015). Mechanisms underlying motivational deficits in psychopathology: Similarities and differences in depression and schizophrenia. In E. H. Simpson & P. D. Balsam (Eds.), Behavioral neuroscience of motivation (Vol. 27, pp. 411–450). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bijttebier, P., Raes, F., Vasey, M. W., & Feldman, G. C. (2012). Responses to positive affect predict mood symptoms in children under conditions of stress: A prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 381–389. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9579-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 804–813. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. J. (2015). Comment: Affective chronometry has come of age. Emotion Review, 1754073915590844, 1–3. doi:10.1177/1754073915590844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, M. R., Nystrom, L. E., Fissell, C., Noll, D. C., & Fiez, J. A. (2000). Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum. Journal of Neurophysiology, 84(6), 3072–3077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, G. C., Joormann, J., & Johnson, S. L. (2008). Responses to positive affect: A self-report measure of rumination and dampening. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 507–525. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9083-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (2007). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-VP). New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institude.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes, E. E., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Research Review: Altered reward function in adolescent depression: What, when and how? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(1), 3–15. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02477.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, E. E., Hariri, A. R., Martin, S. L., Moyles, J. S., Fisher, P. M., Brown, S. M., … Dahl, R. (2009). Altered striatal activation predicting real-world positive affect in adolescent major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 64–73. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300–319. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fussner, L. M., Luebbe, A. M., & Bell, D. J. (2014). Dynamics of positive emotion regulation: Associations with youth depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 475–488. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9916-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan, A. (2013). The teenage brain: Sensitivity to rewards. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 88–93. doi:10.1177/0963721413480859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, K., Gruber, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Positive emotion dysregulation across mood disorders: How amplifying versus dampening predicts emotional reactivity and illness course. Behavior Research and Therapy, 51, 736–741. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser, M. F., Sotiropoulos, S. N., Wilson, J. A., Coalson, T. S., Fischl, B., & Andersson, J. L.; for the, W. U. M. H. C. P. C. (2013). The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the human connectome project. NeuroImage, 80, 105–124. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic, I., O’Hara, A., Pepler, D., & Lewis, M. D. (2007). A dynamic systems analysis of parent–child changes associated with successful “real-world” interventions for aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(5), 845–857. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, L., Ponvert, N. D., & Jaramillo, S. (2016).The role of sensory cortex in behavioral flexibility. Neuroscience. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.067
   Google Scholar
• Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 400–412. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, A. S., Fox, A. S., Wing, E. K., McQuisition, K. M., Vack, N. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). The neurodynamics of affect in the laboratory predicts persistence of real-world emotional responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(29), 10503–10509. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0569-15.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, A. S., Johnstone, T., Light, S. N., Peterson, M. J., Kolden, G. G., Kalin, N. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Relationships between changes in sustained fronto-striatal connectivity and positive affect in major depression resulting from antidepressant treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 197–206. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, A. S., Johnstone, T., Shackman, A. J., Light, S. N., Peterson, M. J., Kolden, G. G., … Davidson, R. J. (2009). Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of fronto-striatal brain activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(52), 22445–22450. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910651106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, A. S., Van Reekum, C. M., Schaefer, S. M., Lapate, R. C., Radler, B. T., Ryff, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Sustained striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2191–2200. doi:10.1177/0956797613490744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo, A., Brigman, J. L., Radke, A. K., Rudebeck, P. H., & Holmes, A. (2016). The neural basis of reversal learning: An updated perspective. Neuroscience. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann, J., Cooney, R. E., Henry, M. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Neural correlates of automatic mood regulation in girls at high risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 61–72. doi:10.1037/a0025294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson, B., Bhanji, J. P., Cooney, R. E., Atlas, L. Y., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008). Neural responses to monetary incentives in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 63(7), 686–692. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koole, S. L., & Rothermund, K. (2011). “I feel better but I don’t know why”: The psychology of implicit emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 389–399. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.550505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 995–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M., & Yaroslavsky, I. (2014). Practitioner review: Dysphoria and its regulation in child and adolescent depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(7), 741–757. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2010). Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment. Psychological Science, 21(7), 984–991. doi:10.1177/0956797610372634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens, P., Sheeber, L. B., Yap, M. B. H., Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Emotional intertia prospectively predicts the onset of depressive disorders in adolescnce. Emotion, 12, 283–289. doi:10.1037/a0025046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, I. A., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common. Retrieved from http://quantpsy.org
   Google Scholar
• Luking, K. R., & Barch, D. M. (2013). Candy and the brain: Neural response to candy gains and losses. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13(3), 437–451. doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0156-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luking, K. R., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2014). Kids, candy, brain and behavior: Age differences in responses to candy gains and Losses. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 82–92. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luking, K. R., Pagliaccio, D., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2016a). Depression risk predicts blunted neural responses to gains and enhanced responses to losses in healthy children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 328–337. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luking, K. R., Pagliaccio, D., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2016b). Reward processing and risk for depression across development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 456–468. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maalouf, F. T., Clark, L., Tavitian, L., Sahakian, B. J., Brent, D., & Phillips, M. L. (2012). Bias to negative emotions: A depression state-dependent marker in adolescent major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 198(1), 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMakin, D. L., Burkhouse, K. L., Olino, T. M., Siegle, G. J., Dahl, R. E., & Silk, J. S. (2011). Affective functioning among early adolescents at high and low familial risk for depression and their mothers: A focus on individual and transactional processes across contexts. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(8), 1213–1225. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9540-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMakin, D. L., Santiago, C. D., & Shirk, S. R. (2009). The time course of positive and negative emotion in dysphoria. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 182–192. doi:10.1080/17439760802650600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMakin, D. L., Siegle, G. J., & Shirk, S. R. (2010). Positive affect stimulation and sustainment (PASS) module for depressed mood: A preliminary investigation of treatment-related effects. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(3), 217–226. doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9311-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelis, S., Holmes, E. A., Palmieri, R., Bellelli, G., & Raes, F. (2015). Thinking back about a positive event: The impact of processing style on positive affect. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 3. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelis, S., Holmes, E., & Raes, F. (2015). Response styles to positive affect and depression: Concurrent and prospective associations in a community sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(4), 480–491. doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9671-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400–424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olino, T. M., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Silk, J. S., Birmaher, B., … Forbes, E. E. (2011). “I won, but I’m not getting my hopes up”: Depression moderates the relationship of outcomes and reward anticipation. Psychiatry Research, 194(3), 393–395. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzagalli, D. A., Holmes, A. J., Dillon, D. G., Goetz, E., Birk, J. L., Bodgan, R., … Fava, M. (2009). Reduced caudate and nucleus accumbens response to rewards in unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 702–710. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08081201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzagalli, D. A., Iosifescu, D., Hallett, L., Ratner, K., & Fava, M. (2008). Reduced hedonic capacity in major depressive disorder: Evidence from a probabilistic reward task. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(1), 76–87. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 925–971. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Daems, K., Feldman, G. C., Johnson, S. L., & Van Gucht, D. (2009). A psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the responses to positive affect questionnaire. Psychologica Belgica, 49(4). doi:10.5334/pb-49-4-293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Smets, J., Nelis, S., & Schoofs, H. (2012). Dampening of positive affect prospectively predicts depressive symptoms in non-clinical samples. Cognition & Emotion, 26(1), 75–82. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.555474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragozzino, M. E. (2007). The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsomedial striatum to behavioral flexibility. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1121(1), 355–375. doi:10.1196/annals.1401.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 627–639. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, C., Kim, S., Herman, L., Pane, H., Reuter, T., & Strathearn, L. (2014). Major depression in mothers predicts reduced ventral striatum activation in adolescent female offspring with and without depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 298–309. doi:10.1037/a0036191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeber, L. B., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., Davis, B., Shortt, J. W., & Katz, L. F. (2009). Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(11), 1419–1427. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02148.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, J. S., Power, J. D., Dubis, J. W., Vogel, A. C., Church, J. A., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2014). Statistical improvements in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses produced by censoring high-motion data points. Human Brain Mapping, 35(5), 1981–1996. doi:10.1002/hbm.22307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomarken, A. J., & Keener, A. D. (1998). Frontal brain asymmetry and depression: A Self-regulatory perspective. Cognition & Emotion, 12(3), 387–420. doi:10.1080/026999398379655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner-Seidler, A., Banks, R., Dunn, B. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2013). An investigation of the relationship between positive affect regulation and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(1), 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W. N., Chang, S. H., Guo, L. Y., Zhang, K. L., & Wang, J. (2013). The neural correlates of reward-related processing in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 531–539. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar