Harsh Parenting and Violence Against Children: A Trial with Ultrapoor Families in Francophone West Africa

REFERENCES

• Akmatov, M. K. (2011). Child abuse in 28 developing and transitional countries—Results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(1), 219–227. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., … Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D., Edwards, V. J., Dube, S. R., & Williamson, D. F. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatric Services, 53(8), 1001–1009. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, J., Parsons, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2005). Preventing emotional and behavioural problems: The effectiveness of parenting programmes with children less than 3 years of age. Child: Care, Health and Development, 31(1), 33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, R. P. (2009). Preventing child abuse and neglect with parent training: Evidence and opportunities. The Future of Children, 19(2), 95–118. doi:10.1353/foc.0.0031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, J. K., Hiscock, H., Ukoumunne, O. C., Price, A., & Wake, M. (2008). Early childhood aetiology of mental health problems: A longitudinal population-based study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(11), 1166–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, L. M., Paxson, C., & Waldfogel, J. (2009). Income and child development. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(9), 978–989. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, M., Charlson, R., & Dawson, K. (2003). Promising practices in understanding and treating child neglect. Child & Family Social Work, 8(1), 13–24. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2206.2003.00262.x
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 371–399. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, V., & Myers, M. R. (2007). Exploring the risks of substantiated physical neglect related to poverty and parental characteristics: A national sample. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(1), 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CERFODES. (2016). Evaluation Qualitative Des Effets Protecteurs Du Programme De Renforcement Economique Et De La Sensibilisation Des Ménages Extrêmement Pauvres Sur La Protection Des Droits De l’Enfant Au Burkina Faso [Qualitative Evaluation of the Protective Effects of the Economic Development Program and Awareness of Extreme Poor Households on the Protection of Children’s Rights in Burkina Faso]. Ouagadougou. Burkina Faso: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers’ perspectives. AIDS Care, 19(3), 318–325. doi:10.1080/09540120600986578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S. S., March, D., Insel, T. R., & Daar, A. S. (2011). Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature, 475(7354), 27–30. doi:10.1038/475027a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 179. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crnic, K., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting Volume 5 Practical Issues in Parenting (pp. 243–267). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• De Boer, M. R., Waterlander, W. E., Kuijper, L. D., Steenhuis, I. H., & Twisk, J. W. (2015). Testing for baseline differences in randomized controlled trials: An unhealthy research behavior that is hard to eradicate. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 4. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0162-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hoop, J., & Rosati, F. C. (2014). Cash transfers and child labor. The World Bank Research Observer, 29(2), 202–234. doi:10.1093/wbro/lku003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard, K. (2005). Parenting stress and children’s development: Introduction to the special issue. Infant and Child Development, 14(2), 111–115. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1522-7219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Jama, 286(24), 3089–3096. doi:10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, A., McFarlane, E., Fuddy, L., Burrell, L., Higman, S. M., Windham, A., & Sia, C. (2004). Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program: Impact in preventing child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(6), 597–622. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). Family poverty, welfare reform, and child development. Child Development, 71(1), 188–196. doi:10.1111/cdev.2000.71.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldridge, S. M., Ashby, D., & Kerry, S. (2006). Sample size for cluster randomized trials: Effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(5), 1292–1300. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, C. M., & Chaffin, J. (2015). Evaluations of outcomes for children and youth from NGO-supported microeconomic interventions: A research synthesis. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 26(2), 104–121. doi:10.3362/1755-1986.2015.012
   Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Boxhill, L., & Pinkava, M. (2008). Poverty and maternal responsiveness: The role of maternal stress and social resources. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(3), 232–237. doi:10.1177/0165025408089272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geeraert, L., Van Den Noortgate, W., Grietens, H., & Onghena, P. (2004). The effects of early prevention programs for families with young children at risk for physical child abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Child Maltreatment, 9(3), 277–291. doi:10.1177/1077559504264265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2017). Corporal punishment of children in Burkina Faso. Report prepared by the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/assets/pdfs/states-reports/BurkinaFaso.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Kinukawa, A., Lippman, L. H., & Michelson, E. (2005). The parent-adolescent relationship scale. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? The Search Institute Series on Developmentally Attentive Community and Society (Vol. 3, pp. 183–202). Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hashemi, S. M., & Umaira, W. (2011). New pathways for the poorest: The graduation model from BRAC. BRAC Develoment Institute, Centre for Social Protection (CSP), United Kingdom. Retrieved from https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/ResearchReport10FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20154079. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis, S. D., Mercy, J. A., Saul, J., Gleckel, J., Abad, N., & Kress, H. (2015). THRIVES: A global technical package to prevent violence against children. Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/31482
   Google Scholar
• Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118(3), 933–942. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismayilova, L., Karimli, L., Gaveras, E., Tô-Camier, A., Sanson, J., Chaffin, J., & Nanema, R. (2017). An Integrated Approach to Increasing Women’s Empowerment Status and Reducing Domestic Violence: Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in a West African Country. Psychology of Violence. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismayilova, L., Karimli, L., Sanson, J., Gaveras, E., Nanema, R., Tô-Camier, A., & Chaffin, J. (2018). Improving mental health among ultra-poor children: two-year outcomes of a cluster-randomized trial in Burkina Faso. Social Science & Medicine, 208, 180–189. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimli, L., Kagotho, N., Bose, B., & Blaker, A. (2018). Effects of economic strengthening intervention on economic well-being for the household, woman, and child: Findings from experimental study in Burkina Faso. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Karimli, L., Rost, L., & Ismayilova, L. (2018). Integrating Economic Strengthening and Family Coaching to Reduce Work-Related Health Hazards Among Children of Poor Households: Burkina Faso. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(1), S6–S14. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaslow, N. J., Broth, M. R., Smith, C. O., & Collins, M. H. (2012). Family-based interventions for child and adolescent disorders. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 82–100. doi:10.1111/jmft.2012.38.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Prevention Science, 14(4), 352–363. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 877–883. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., … Barch, D. (2013). The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: The mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(12), 1135–1142. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnuson, K. A., & Duncan, G. J. (2002). Parents in poverty. Handbook of Parenting, 4, 95–121.
   Google Scholar
• Mikton, C., & Butchart, A. (2009). Child maltreatment prevention: A systematic review of reviews. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(5), 353–361. doi:10.2471/BLT.00.00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash Transfers and Children’s Education and Labour among Malawi’s Poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499–522. doi:10.1111/dpr.2012.30.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry, R. S., Biesanz, J. C., Taylor, L. C., Burchinal, M., & Cox, M. J. (2004). Family income and its relation to preschool children’s adjustment for families in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 727. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabunya, P., Ssewamala, F. M., & Ilic, V. (2014). Family economic strengthening and parenting stress among caregivers of AIDS-orphaned children: Results from a cluster randomized clinical trial in Uganda. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 417–421. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 161–170. doi:10.1023/A:1024958332093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(4), 615–625. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perneger, T. V. (1998). What’s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 316(7139), 1236. doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, F. W. (2006). The impact of trauma on child development. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 57(1), 1–11. doi:10.1111/jfcj.2006.57.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(3), 177–190. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (Vol. 1). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rosati, F. C. (2016). Can cash transfers reduce child labor? IZA World of Labor. Retrieved from http://wol.iza.org/articles/can-cash-transfers-reduce-child-labor/long 10.15185/izawol.293
   Google Scholar
• Russell, M., Harris, B., & Gockel, A. (2008). Parenting in poverty: Perspectives of high-risk parents. Journal of Children and Poverty, 14(1), 83–98. doi:10.1080/10796120701871322
   Google Scholar
• Sandler, I., Schoenfelder, E., Wolchik, S., & MacKinnon, D. (2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8(1), 18. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherraden, M. W. (1991). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare policy. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Shumba, A. (2001). Epidemiology and etiology of reported cases of child physical abuse in Zimbabwean primary schools☆. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(2), 265–277. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00244-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack, K. S., Holl, J. L., McDaniel, M., Yoo, J., & Bolger, K. (2004). Understanding the risks of child neglect: An exploration of poverty and parenting characteristics. Child Maltreatment, 9(4), 395–408. doi:10.1177/1077559504269193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2017). Stata: Multilevel Mixed-Effects Reference Manual, Release 15. College Station, TX: Author. Retrieved from https://www.stata.com/manuals/me.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., IJzendoorn, M. H., & Alink, L. R. (2013). Cultural–Geographical differences in the occurrence of child physical abuse? A meta-analysis of global prevalence. International Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 81–94. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.697165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2006). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Manual. Retrieved from http://mics.unicef.org/tools
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2017). United Nations Children’s Fund, A Familiar Face: Violence in the lives of children and adolescents. New York, USA: Author. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_101397.html
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2014). United Nations Children’s Fund, Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children. New York: UNICEF. Retrieved from http://files.unicef.org/publications/files/Hidden_in_plain_sight_statistical_analysis_EN_3_Sept_2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2006). Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (No. UN Doc A/61/299). Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/reports/SG_violencestudy_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Varnell, S. P., Murray, D. M., Janega, J. B., & Blitstein, J. L. (2004). Design and analysis of group-randomized trials: A review of recent practices. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 393–399. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.3.393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittrup, B., Holden, G. W., & Buck, J. (2006). Attitudes predict the use of physical punishment: A prospective study of the emergence of disciplinary practices. Pediatrics, 117(6), 2055–2064. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, M. E., Raviv*, T., Reinhard, C., Wolff, B., Santiago, C. D., & Einhorn, L. (2008). An indirect effects model of the association between poverty and child functioning: The role of children’s poverty-related stress. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 13(2–3), 156–185. doi:10.1080/15325020701742185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51(2), 130–137. doi:10.1111/fare.2002.51.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2017). World Development Indicators 2017. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization & United Nations. (2014). Global status report on violence prevention, 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press. Retrieved from http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/30034
   Google Scholar
• Zolotor, A. J., Runyan, D. K., Dunne, M. P., Jain, D., Péturs, H. R., Ramirez, C., … Isaeva, O. (2009). ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children’s Version (ICAST-C): Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(11), 833–841. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar