Evidence Base Update on the Treatment of Early Childhood Anxiety and Related Problems

References

• Albano, A. M., Comer, J. S., Compton, S. N., Piacentini, J., Kendall, P. C., Birmaher, B., … Sherrill, J. T. (2018). Secondary outcomes from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS): Implications for clinical practice. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 3, 30–41. doi:10.1080/23794925.2017.1399485
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barmish, A. J., & Kendall, P. C. (2005). Should parents be co-clients in cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 569–581. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, P., Fisak, B., & Cooper, M. (2015). The treatment of anxiety in young children: Results of an open trial of the Fun FRIENDS Program. Behaviour Change, 32(4), 231–242. doi:10.1017/bec.2015.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, K. H., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Fox, K. R., & Nock, M. K. (2016). Anxiety and its disorders as risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 30–46. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, R. L., Gonzalez, A., Piacentini, J., & Keller, M. L. (2013). Integrated behavior therapy for selective mutism: A randomized controlled pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(10), 680–689. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breinholst, S., Esbjorn, B. H., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., & Stallard, P. (2012). CBT for the treatment of child anxiety disorders: A review of why parental involvement has not enhanced outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 416–424. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, A. L., Puliafico, A. C., Kurtz, S. M. S., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Extending Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for early childhood internalizing problems: New advances for an overlooked population. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17, 340–356. doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0172-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNally, D., Field, A. P., Rust, S., Laskey, B., Dixon, C., … Woodhman, A. (2011). A new parenting-based group intervention for young anxious children: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(3), 242–251.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7–18. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Ebesutani, C., Young, J., Becker, K. D., Nakamura, B. J., Phillips, L., Ward, A., Lynch, R., Trent, L., Smith, R.L., Okamura, K., & Starace, N. (2011). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents. An updated review of indicators of efficacy and effectiveness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 154–172. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01247.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, T., DeSerisy, M., Garcia, A. M., Freeman, J., & Comer, J. S. (2017). Obsessive-compulsive problems in very young children. In J. S. Abramowitz, D. McKay, & E. Storch (Eds.), Wiley handbook of obsessive-compulsive disorders. New York, NY: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch26
   Google Scholar
• Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., O’Brien, K. A., Coplan, R. J., Thomas, S. R., Dougherty, L. R., … Wimsatt, M. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a multimodal early intervention program for behaviorally inhibited preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(3), 534–540. doi:10.1037/a0039043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Blanco, C., Hasin, D. S., Liu, S. M., Grant, B. F., Turner, J. B., & Olfson, M. (2011). Health-related quality of life across the anxiety disorders: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(1), 43–50. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05094blu
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Chow, C., Chan, P., Cooper-Vince, C., & Wilson, L. A. S. (2013). Psychosocial treatment efficacy for disruptive behavior problems in young children: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 26–36. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Kerns, C. E., Miguel, E., Coxe, S., Elkins, R. M., … Freeman, J. B. (2017). Internet-delivered, family-based treatment for early-onset OCD: A pilot randomized trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(2), 178–186. doi:10.1037/ccp0000155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer, J. S., Puliafico, A. C., Aschenbrand, S. G., McKnight, K., Robin, J. A., Goldfine, M., & Albano, A. M. (2012). A pilot feasibility evaluation of the CALM Program for anxiety disorders in early childhood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 40–49. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: The Great Smoky Mountains Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 21–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornacchio, D., Sanchez, A. L., Chou, T., & Comer, J. S. (2017). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children and adolescents. In S. G. Hofmann & G. Asmundson (Eds.), The science of cognitive behavioral therapy: From theory to therapy. New York, NY: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803457-6.00011-8
   Google Scholar
• De Young, A. C., Kenardy, J. A., & Cobham, V. E. (2011). Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 375–384. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.563474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: Impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression and Anxiety, 28(1), 67–75. doi:10.1002/da.20744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2014). Online CBT for preschool anxiety disorders: A randomised control trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 24–35. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty, L. R., Tolep, M. R., Bufferd, S. J., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M., Traditi, J., … Klein, D. N. (2013). Preschool anxiety disorders: Comprehensive assessment of clinical demographic, temperamental, familial, and life stress correlates. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 577–589. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.759225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3–4), 313–337. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, H. L., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., Potts, E., Walter, B. K., & Angold, A. (2006). Test-retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(5), 538–549. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000205705.71194.b8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz, L., Angold, A., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., Towe-Goodman, N., & Egger, H. (2013). Preschool anxiety disorders in pediatric primary care: Prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 1294–1303. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, J., Saptya, J., Garcia, A., Compton, S., Khanna, M., Flessner, C., … Franklin, M. (2014). Family-based treatment of early childhood obsessive-compuslive disorder: The Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study for Young Children (POTS Jr)—A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(6), 689–698. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, J. B., Garcia, A. M., Coyne, L., Ale, C., Przeworski, A., Himle, M., … Leonard, H. L. (2008). Early childhood OCD: Preliminary findings from a family-based cognitive-behavioral approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 593–602. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816765f9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. The Pelican Library, Vol. 8, Case Histories (pp. 169–306). doi:10.1002/9780470713525.ch3
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, G. S., Silverman, W. K., & Kurtines, W. K. (1995). Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety disorders: A look ahead. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 457–473. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00026-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason, M. M., Egger, H. L., Emslie, G. J., Greenhill, L. L., Kowatch, R. A., Lieberman, A. F., … Zeanah, C. H. (2007). Psychopharmacological treatment for very young children: Contexts and guildelines. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1532–1572. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181570d9e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higa-McMillan, C. K., Francis, S. E., Rith-Najarian, L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Evidence base update: 50 years of research on treatment for child and adolescent anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45, 91–113. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1046177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Masek, B., Henin, A., Blakely, L. R., Pollock-Wurman, R. A., McQuade, J., … Biederman, J. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for 4- to 7-year-old children with anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 498–510. doi:10.1037/a0019055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Masek, B., Henin, A., Blakely, L. R., Rettew, D. C., Dufton, L., … Biederman, J. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral intervention with young anxious children. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 16(2), 113–125. doi:10.1080/10673220802073956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• In-Albon, T., & Schneider, S. (2007). Psychotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 15–24. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infantino, A., Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of an audio-based treatment for child anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 79, 35–45. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, M., Ronen, A., Apter, A., & Sadeh, A. (2017). Cognitive-behavioral versus non-directive therapy for preschoolers with severe nighttime fears and sleep-related problems. Sleep Medicine, 32, 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminski, J. W., & Claussen, A. H. (2017). Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for disruptive behaviors in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46, 477–499. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Gosch, E., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Suveg, C. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 282–297. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, S. J., Rapee, R. M., & Edwards, S. L. (2009). A selective intervention program for inhibited preschool-aged children of parents with an anxiety disorder: Effects on current anxiety disorders and temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(6), 602–609. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819f6fa9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns, C. E., Pincus, D. B., McLaughlin, K. A., & Comer, J. S. (2017). Maternal emotion regulation during child distress, child anxiety accommodation, and links between maternal and child anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne, J. V., Gibbons, R. D., Christoffel, K. K., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H., … Isaacs, C. (1996). Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 204–214. doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, A. B., Park, J. M., Jones, A. M., Crawford, E. A., De Nadai, A. S., Menzel, J., … Storch, E. A. (2014). Family-based exposure and response prevention therapy for preschool-age children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 56, 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monga, S., Young, A., & Owens, M. (2009). Evaluating a cognitive behavioral therapy group program for anxious five to seven year old children: A pilot study. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 243–250. doi:10.1002/da.20551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A. J., Rapee, R. M., Salim, A., Goharpey, N., Tamir, E., McLellan, L. F., & Bayer, J. K. (2017). Internet-delivered parenting program for prevention and early intervention of anxiety problems in young children: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(5), 417–425. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A. J., Rapee, R. M., & Bayer, J. K. (2016). Prevention and early intervention of anxiety problems in young children: A pilot evaluation of Cool Little Kids Online. Internet Interventions, 4, 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.05.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ollendick, T. H., Ryan, S. M., & Capriola-Hall, N. N. (2018). Have phobias, will travel: Addressing one barrier to the delivery of an evidence-based treatment. Behavior Therapy, 49, 594–603. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus, D. B., Santucci, L. C., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Eyberg, S. M. (2008). The implementation of modified Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for youth with separation anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2007.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsawh, H. J., Weisberg, R. B., Dyck, I., Stout, R., & Keller, M. B. (2011). Age of onset, clinical characteristics, and 15-year course of anxiety disorders in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132(1–2), 260–264. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapee, R. M., Kennedy, S. J., Ingram, M., Edwards, S. L., & Sweeney, L. (2010). Altering the trajectory of anxiety in at-risk young children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(12), 1518–1525. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, S., Wilson, C., Austin, J., & Hooper, L. (2012). Effects of psychotherapy for anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 251–262. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudy, B. M., Zavrou, S., Johnco, C., Storch, E. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2017). Parent-led exposure therapy: a pilot study of a brief behavioral treatment for anxiety in young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2475–2484. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0772-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco, S., Gordon, J., & McLean, L.A. (2016). Effectiveness of a school-based early intervention CBT group programme for children with anxiety aged 5–7 years. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 9(1), 29–49. doi:10.1080/1754730X.2015.1110495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa, M. S., Weems, C. F., Cohen, J. A., Amaya-Jackson, L., & Guthrie, D. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three-through six year-old children: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(8), 853–860. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02354.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S., Blatter-Meunier, J., Herren, C., Adornetto, C., In-Albon, T., & Lavallee, K. (2011). Disorder-specific cognitive-behavioral therapy for separation anxiety disorder in young children: A randomized waiting-list-controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(4), 206–215. doi:10.1159/000323444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shortt, A. L., Barrett, P. M., & Fox, T. L. (2001). Evaluating the FRIENDS Program: A cognitive-behavioral group treatment for anxious children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(4), 525–535. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, W. K., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2008). The second special issue on evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents: A 10-year update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 1–7. doi:10.1080/15374410701817725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., Ginsburg, G. S., Weems, C. F., Lumpkin, P. W., & Carmichael, D. H. (1999). Treating anxiety disorders in children with group cognitive-behavioral therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 995–1003. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.67.6.995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 105–130. doi:10.1080/15374410701817907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salloum, A., Robst, J., Scheeringa, M. S., Cohen, J. A., Wang, W., Murphy, T. K., … Storch, E. A. (2014). Step one within stepped care trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for young children: A pilot study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45(1), 65–77. doi:10.1007/s10578-013–0378-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2014). Evidence base updates: The evolution of the evaluation of psychological treatments for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43, 1–6. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.855128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, A., Van Lieshout, R. J., Lahat, A., Duku, E., Boyle, M. H., Saigal, S., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017). Shyness trajectories across the first four decades predict mental health outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1621–1633. doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0265-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. H., Lebowitz, E. R., Jakubovski, E., Coughlin, C. G., Silverman, W. K., & Bloch, M. H. (2018). Monotherapy insufficient in severe anxiety? Predictors and moderators in the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study. Psychology, 47(2), 266–281. doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1371028
   Google Scholar
• Towe-Goodman, N. R., Franz, L., Copeland, W., Angold, A., & Egger, H. (2014). Perceived family impact of preschool anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 437–446. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Sluis, C. M., van der Bruggen, C. O., Brechman-Toussaint, M. L., Thissen, M. A. P., & Bogels, S. M. (2012). Parent-directed cognitive behavioral therapy for children: A pilot study. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkup, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S. N., Sherrill, J. T., … Kendall, P. C. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(26), 2753–2766. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, A. M., Ford, L. A., Wharton, T. A., & Cobham, V. E. (2009). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for young children with anxiety disorders: Comparison of a child + parent condition versus a parent only condition. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(8), 654–662. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1–14. doi:10.1037/h0069608
   Google Scholar
• Wettig, H. H. G., Franke, U., & O’Connor, K. (2011). Evaluating the effectiveness of theraplay in treating shy, socially withdrawn children. International Journal of Play Therapy, 20(1), 26–37. doi:10.1037/a0022666
   Google Scholar
• Wichstrom, L., Berg-Nielsen, T. S., Angold, A., Egger, H. L., Solheim, E., & Sveen, T. H. (2012). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(6), 695–705. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02514.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltsey-Stirman, S., & Comer, J. S. (2019). What are we even trying to implement? Considering the relative merits of promoting evidence-based practices, protocols, principles, or policy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 26.
   Google Scholar