Iron Deficiency in Infancy and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Symptoms in Childhood and Adolescence

References

• Achenbach, T. M., & Ruffle, T. M. (2000). The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatrics in Review, 21(8), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.21-8-265
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Algarin, C., Karunakaran, K. D., Reyes, S., Morales, C., Lozoff, B., Peirano, P., & Biswal, B. (2017). Differences on brain connectivity in adulthood are present in subjects with iron deficiency anemia in infancy. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo-Barroso, R. M., Peirano, P., Algarin, C., Kaciroti, N., & Lozoff, B. (2013). Motor activity and intra-individual variability according to sleep–wake states in preschool-aged children with iron-deficiency anemia in infancy. Early Human Development, 89(12), 1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, R. D., & Greer, F. R. (2010). Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0–3 years of age). Pediatrics, 126(5), 1040–1050. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2013). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: Executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.734259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2017). Barkley sluggish cognitive tempo rating scale – Children and adolescents (BSCTS-CA). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, J. E., Freeland, C. A. B., & Lounsbury, M. L. (1979). Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Development, 50(3), 794–803. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayoumi, I., Parkin, P. C., Birken, C. S., Maguire, J. L., & Borkhoff, C. M., & TARGet Kids! Collaboration. (2020). Association of family income and risk of food insecurity with iron status in young children. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), e208603. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., & Barkley, R. A. (2018). Sluggish cognitive tempo. In T. Banaschewski, D. Coghill, & A. Zuddas (Eds.), Oxford textbook of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (pp. 147–153). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Leopold, D. R., Olson, R. K., & Willcutt, E. G. (2018). Differential impact of trait sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention in early childhood on adolescent functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(10), 1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., Leopold, D. R., Burns, G. L., Jarrett, M. A., Langberg, J. M., Marshall, S. A., McBurnett, K., Waschbusch, D. A., & Willcutt, E. G. (2016). The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., Rock, S. L., Ramey, C. T., Barnard, K. E., Gray, C., Hammond, M. A., Mitchell, S., Gottfried, A. W., Siegel, L., & Johnson, D. L. (1989). Home environment and cognitive development in the first 3 years of life: A collaborative study involving six sites and three ethnic groups in North America. Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.2.217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burden, M. J., Westerlund, A. J., Armony-Sivan, R., Nelson, C. A., Jacobson, S. W., Lozoff, B., Jacobson, S. W., Angelilli, M. L., & Jacobson, J. L. (2007). An event-related potential study of attention and recognition memory in infants with iron-deficiency anemia. Pediatrics, 120(2), e336–e345. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2021). Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children: Differentiation using categorical and dimensional approaches. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 50(2), 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1678165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, M., Shu, N., Cao, Q., Wang, Y., & He, Y. (2014). Imaging functional and structural brain connectomics in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Neurobiology, 50(3), 1111–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8685-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998, April 3). Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (pp. 1–36). No. 47.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, S., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Brouwer, I. D., Kok, F., Lozoff, B., & Chen, C. (2011). Iron-deficiency anemia in infancy and social emotional development in preschool-aged Chinese children. Pediatrics, 127(4), e927–33. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M. H., Su, T. P., Chen, Y. S., Hsu, J. W., Huang, K. L., Chang, W. H., Chen, T.-J., & Bai, Y. M. (2013). Association between psychiatric disorders and iron deficiency anemia among children and adolescents: A nationwide population-based study. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cirino, P. T., Fletcher, J. M., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Barnes, M. A., & Fuchs, L. S. (2007). Cognitive arithmetic differences in learning difficulty groups and the role of behavioral inattention. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 22(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5826.2007.00228.x
   Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Angriman, M., Lecendreux, M., & Konofal, E. (2012). Iron and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: What is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12(10), 1227–1240. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Azoulay, R., Castellanos, F. X., Chalard, F., Lecendreux, M., Chechin, D., Delorme, R., Sebag, G., Sbarbati, A., Mouren, M., Bernardina, B. D., & Konofa, K. (2012). Brain iron levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A pilot MRI study. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 13(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.570376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1990). Becoming a family: Research and intervention. In I. Sigel & A. Brody (Eds.), Family research (pp. 1–51). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Deoni, S., Dean, D., III, Joelson, S., O’Regan, J., & Schneider, N. (2018). Early nutrition influences developmental myelination and cognition in infants and young children. Neuroimage, 178, 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doom, J. R., & Georgieff, M. K. (2014). Striking while the iron is hot: Understanding the biological and neurodevelopmental effects of iron deficiency to optimize intervention in early childhood. Current Pediatrics Reports, 2(4), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-014-0058-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doom, J. R., Georgieff, M. K., & Gunnar, M. R. (2015). Institutional care and iron deficiency increase ADHD symptomology and lower IQ 2.5–5 years post‐adoption. Developmental Science, 18(3), 484–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DSM-V. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). (DSM-V). American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• East, P., Delker, E., Lozoff, B., Delva, J., Castillo, M., & Gahagan, S. (2018). Associations among infant iron deficiency, childhood emotion and attention regulation, and adolescent problem behaviors. Child Development, 89(2), 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorello, C. A., Hale, J. B., Holdnack, J. A., Kavanagh, J. A., Terrell, J., & Long, L. (2007). Interpreting intelligence test results for children with disabilities: Is global intelligence relevant? Applied Neuropsychology, 14(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084280701280338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fretham, S. J., Carlson, E. S., & Georgieff, M. K. (2011). The role of iron in learning and memory. Advances in Nutrition, 2(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.110.000190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, L. A., & Rapoport, J. L. (2015). Brain development in ADHD. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30, 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgieff, M. K. (2011). Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutritional Reviews, 69(suppl 1), S43–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgieff, M. K. (2017). Iron assessment to protect the developing brain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106(suppl 6), 1588S–1593S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgieff, M. K., Ramel, S. E., & Cusick, S. E. (2018). Nutritional influences on brain development. Acta Paediatrica, 107(8), 1310–1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, P. M., Hamner, H. C., Suchdev, P. S., Flores-Ayala, R., & Mei, Z. (2017). Iron status of toddlers, nonpregnant females, and pregnant females in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106(suppl 6), 1640S–1646S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jastak, J., & Wilkinson, G. S. (1984). Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised (WRAT-R) Revised edition. Jastak Assessment Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Jáuregui-Lobera, I. (2014). Iron deficiency and cognitive functions. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 2087–2095. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S72491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Konrad, A., Dielentheis, T. F., El Masri, D., Bayerl, M., Fehr, C., Gesierich, T., Vucurevic, G., Stoeter, P., & Winterer, G. (2010). Disturbed structural connectivity is related to inattention and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 912–919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07110.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010). Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 904–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch, K. P. (2019). Can dysregulated myelination be linked to ADHD pathogenesis and persistence? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(3), 229–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lozoff, B. (2011). Early iron deficiency has brain and behavior effects consistent with dopaminergic dysfunction. Journal of Nutrition, 141(4), 740S–6S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.131169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff, B., Corapci, F., Burden, M. J., Kaciroti, N., Angulo-Barroso, R., Sazawal, S., & Black, M. (2007). Preschool-aged children with iron deficiency anemia show altered affect and behavior. Journal of Nutrition, 137(3), 683–689. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.3.683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff, B., De Andraca, I., Castillo, M., Smith, J., Walter, T., & Pino, P. (2003). Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants. Pediatrics, 112(4), 846–854. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/4/846.full.html
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff, B., Smith, J. B., Clark, K. M., Perales, C. G., Rivera, F., & Castillo, M. (2010). Home intervention improves cognitive and social-emotional scores in iron-deficient anemic infants. Pediatrics, 126(4), e884–e894. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff, B., Smith, J. B., Kaciroti, N., Clark, K. M., Guevara, S., & Jimenez, E. (2013). Functional significance of early-life iron deficiency: Outcomes at 25 years. Journal of Pediatrics, 163(5), 1260–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukowski, A. F., Koss, M., Burden, M. J., Jonides, J., Nelson, C. A., Kaciroti, N., Jimenez, E., & Lozoff, B. (2010). Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive functioning at 19 years: Evidence of long-term deficits in executive function and recognition memory. Nutritional Neuroscience, 13(2), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1179/147683010X12611460763689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Cheong, J., & Pirlott, A. G. (2012). Statistical mediation analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 313–331). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-018
   Google Scholar
• McCann, J. C., & Ames, B. N. (2007). An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(4), 931–945. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez-Castellano, H., & De Mendez, M. C. (1986). Social stratification and human biology: Graffar’s modified method. Venezuelan Archives of Childcare and Pediatrics, 49(3/4), 93–104.
   Google Scholar
• Metin, B., Krebs, R. M., Wiersema, J. R., Verguts, T., Gasthuys, R., van der Meere, J. J., Achten, E., Roeyers, H., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2015). Dysfunctional modulation of default mode network activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(1), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (Version 8).
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, B. J., Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., & Chorpita, B. F. (2009). A psychometric analysis of the child behavior checklist DSM-oriented scales. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9119-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öztürk, Y., Topal, Z., Demir, N., & Tufan, A. E. (2020). Iron and ferritin levels of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-not otherwise specified. Journal of Pediatric Research,7, 7(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peirano, P., Algarin, C., Chamorro, R., Manconi, M., Lozoff, B., & Ferri, R. (2012). Iron deficiency anemia in infancy exerts long-term effects on the tibialis anterior motor activity during sleep in childhood. Sleep Medicine, 13(8), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percinel, I., Yazici, K. U., & Ustundag, B. (2016). Iron deficiency parameters in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(2), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0562-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pino, J., da Luz, M. H., Antunes, H. K., Giampá, S. Q., Martins, V. R., & Lee, K. S. (2017). Iron-restricted diet affects brain ferritin levels, dopamine metabolism and cellular prion protein in a region-specific manner. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 10, 145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad, J. F., Griffiths, K. R., & Korgaonkar, M. (2020). A systematic review of imaging studies in the combined and inattentive subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 14(article 31), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2020.00031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens, G. A., Finucane, M. M., De-Regil, L. M., Paciorek, C. J., Flaxman, S. R., Branca, F., Peña-Rosas, J. P., Bhutta, Z. A., & Ezzati, M., & Nutrition Impact Model Study Group. (2013). Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: A systematic analysis of population- representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 1(1), e16–e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, J. M., Kinsbourne, M., Nigg, J., Lanphear, B., Stefanatos, G. A., Volkow, N., Taylor, E., Casey, B. J., Castellanos, F. X., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2007). Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis. Neuropsychology Review, 17(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9019-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2008). Research review: Dopamine transfer deficit: A neurobiological theory of altered reinforcement mechanisms in ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(7), 691–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01851.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, P. T., Cheng, Y. S., Yen, C. F., Chen, Y. W., Stubbs, B., Whiteley, P., Carvalho, A. F., Li, D. J., Chen, T. Y., Yang, W. C., Tang, C. H., Chu, C.-S., Yang, W. C., Liang, H.-Y., Wu, C.-K., & Lin, P.-Y. (2018). Peripheral iron levels in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19096-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaida, N., Mattoo, N. H., & Madhosh, A. G. (2013). Intelligence among attention deficit hyperactivity disordered (ADHD) children (aged 5-9). Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09764224.2013.11885488
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1974). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised: Manual. Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1989). WPPSI-R: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar