Effect of the number of stiffeners on the lateral deformation behavior of additively manufactured thin-walled cylindrical tubes

References

• B. Bartczak, D. Gierczycka-Zbrożek, Z. Gronostajski, S. Polak, and A. Tobota, The use of thin-walled sections for energy absorbing components: a review, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 5–19, 2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Fang, G. Sun, N. Qiu, N. H. Kim, and Q. Li, On design optimization for structural crashworthiness and its state of the art, Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1091–1119, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. G. Olabi, E. Morris, and M. S. J. Hashmi, Metallic tube type energy absorbers: a synopsis, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 45, no. 7–8, pp. 706–726, 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Baroutaji, M. Sajjia, and A. G. Olabi, On the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled energy absorbers: recent advances and future developments, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 118, pp. 137–163, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. G. Mamalis, M. Robinson, D. E. Manolakos, G. A. Demosthenous, M. B. Ioannidis, and J. Carruthers, Crashworthy capability of composite material structures, Compos. Struct., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 109–134, 1997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joe J. Carruthers, A. P. Kettle, and A. M. Robinson, Energy absorption capability and crashworthiness of composite material structures: a review, Appl. Mech. Rev. vol. 51, no. 10. pp. 635–649, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• M. F. M. Alkbir, S. M. Sapuan, A. A. Nuraini, and M. R. Ishak, Fibre properties and crashworthiness parameters of natural fibre-reinforced composite structure: a literature review, Compos. Struct., vol. 148, pp. 59–73, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. A. Oshkovr, R. A. Eshkoor, S. T. Taher, A. K. Ariffin, and C. H. Azhari, Crashworthiness characteristics investigation of silk/epoxy composite square tubes, Compos. Struct., vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 2337–2342, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Zhang, W. Sun, Y. Zhao, and S. Hou, Crashworthiness of different composite tubes by experiments and simulations, Compos. B Eng., vol. 143, pp. 86–95, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Attia, M. A. Abd El–Baky, M. A. Hassan, T. A. Sebaey, and E. Mahdi, Crashworthiness characteristics of carbon–jute–glass reinforced epoxy composite circular tubes, Polym. Compos., vol. 39, no. S4, pp. E2245–E2261, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• K. R. F. Andrews, G. L. England, and E. Ghani, Classification of the axial collapse of cylindrical tubes under quasi-static loading, Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 25, no. 9–10, pp. 687–696, 1983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Zhu, G. Sun, H. Yu, S. Li, and Q. Li, Energy absorption of metal, composite and metal/composite hybrid structures under oblique crushing loading, Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 135, pp. 458–483, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.-S. Chiu, and S.-T. Jenq, Crushing behavior of metallic thin-wall tubes with triggering mechanisms due to quasi-static axial compression, J. Chin. Inst. Eng., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 469–478, 2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. A. A. Alghamdi, Collapsible impact energy absorbers: an overview, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 189–213, 2001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. C. Jacob, J. F. Fellers, S. Simunovic, and J. M. Starbuck, Energy absorption in polymer composites for automotive crashworthiness, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 813–850, 2002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. A. Sebaey, and E. Mahdi, Crashworthiness of pre-impacted glass/epoxy composite tubes, Int. J. Impact Eng., vol. 92, pp. 18–25, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. G. Mamalis, D. E. Manolakos, G. A. Demosthenous, and M. B. Ioannidis, Analysis of failure mechanisms observed in axial collapse of thin-walled circular fibreglass composite tubes, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 335–352, 1996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. K. Gupta, R. Velmurugan, and S. K. Gupta, An analysis of axial crushing of composite tubes, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 31, no. 13, pp. 1262–1286, 1997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Taghipoor, A. Eyvazian, A. Ghiaskar, A. P. Kumar, A. M. Hamouda, and M. Gobbi, Experimental investigation of the thin-walled energy absorbers with different sections including surface imperfections under low-speed impact test, Mater. Today: Proceed., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1498–1504, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• H. Taghipoor, A. Ghiaskar, and A. Shavalipour, Crashworthiness performance of thin-walled, square tubes with circular hole discontinuities under high-speed impact loading, Int. J. Crashworth., vol. 27, no.6, pp. 1–13, 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Zhu, Z. Zhao, P. Hu, G. Luo, X. Zhao, and Q. Yu, On energy-absorbing mechanisms and structural crashworthiness of laterally crushed thin-walled structures filled with aluminum foam and CFRP Skeleton, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 160, pp. 107390, 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Li, W. Ma, S. Yao, and P. Xu, Crashworthiness performance of corrugation-reinforced multicell tubular structures, Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 190, pp. 106038, 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Mahbod, M. Asgari, and C. Mittelstedt, Architected functionally graded porous lattice structures for optimized elastic-plastic behavior, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J. Mat. Des. Appl., vol. 234, no. 8, pp. 1099–1116, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• M. Teimouri, and M. Asgari, Mechanical performance of additively manufactured uniform and graded porous structures based on topology-optimized unit cells, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C. J. Mech. Eng. Sci., vol. 235, no. 9, pp. 1593–1618, 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Helou, and S. Kara, Design, analysis and manufacturing of lattice structures: an overview, Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 243–261, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Sha, L. Jiani, C. Haoyu, R. O. Ritchie, and X. Jun, Design and strengthening mechanisms in hierarchical architected materials processed using additive manufacturing, Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 149, pp. 150–163, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Z. Feng, J. Wang, X. Y. Li, L. J. Xiao, and W. D. Song, 2021. Mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V Lattice-Walled Tubes under Uniaxial Compression. Defence Technology, The Netherlands, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 1124–1138.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Guo, J. Zhang, L. Chen, B. Du, H. Liu, L. Chen, W. Li, and Y. Liu, Deformation behaviors and energy absorption of auxetic lattice cylindrical structures under axial crushing load, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., vol. 98, pp. 105662, 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Usta, O. F. Ertaş, A. Ataalp, H. S. Türkmen, Z. Kazancı, and F. Scarpa, Impact behavior of triggered and non-triggered crash tubes with auxetic lattices, Multisc. Multidis. Model. Exp. Des., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 119–127, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• C. Guo, D. Zhao, Z. Liu, Q. Ding, H. Gao, Q. Yan, Y. Sun, and F. Ren, The 3D-printed honeycomb metamaterials tubes with tunable negative Poisson’s ratio for high-performance static and dynamic mechanical properties, Materials., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1353, 2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Taghipoor, A. Eyvazian, A. Ghiaskar, A. P. Kumar, A. M. Hamouda, and M. Gobbi, Experimental and numerical study of lattice-core sandwich panels under low-speed impact, Mater. Today: Proceed., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1487–1492, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• A. Praveen Kumar, and M. Nalla Mohamed, Crush performance analysis of combined geometry tubes under axial compressive loading, Procedia Eng., vol. 173, pp. 1415–1422, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• A. Praveen Kumar, L. Ponraj Sankar, D. Maneiah, and Gaddam Upendra, Lateral crushing and energy absorption behavior of multicellular tube structures, Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2684–2687, 2019. DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A4837.119119.
   Google Scholar
• J. Nagarjun, A. Praveen Kumar, K. Yamini Reddy, and L. Ponraj Sankar, Dynamic crushing and energy absorption performance of newly designed multitubular structures, Mater. Today: Proceed., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1928–1933, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• M. Gowthamuneswara Rao, A. Praveen Kumar, Ch Nagaraj, and L. Ponraj Sankar, Investigations on the lateral impact behaviour of combined geometry tubular structures and its effect of cap fillet radius, Mater. Today: Proceed., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1912–1916, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• M. Nalla Mohamed, and A. Praveen Kumar, New insight to improve energy absorption characteristics of long circular tubes with stiffeners as controllable energy dissipating devices, Procedia Eng., vol. 173, pp. 1399–1406, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• X. Fu, X. Zhang, and Z. Huang, Axial crushing of Nylon and Al/Nylon hybrid tubes by FDM 3D printing, Compos. Struct., vol. 256, pp. 113055, 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Laban, E. Mahdi, S. Samim, and J. J. Cabibihan, A comparative study between polymer and metal additive manufacturing approaches in investigating stiffened hexagonal cells, Materials., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 883, 2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Gyanadeep, G. Upendra, A. Snehith, C. Pradeep, and B. Raju, Computational analysis on the lateral deformation characteristics of aluminum tubes with wavy stiffeners, Mater. Today: Proc., vol. 27, pp. 1168–1171, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• N. Ahmed, P. Xue, M. Kamran, N. Zafar, A. Mustafa, and M. S. Zahran, Investigation of the energy absorption characteristics of metallic tubes with curvy stiffeners under dynamic axial crushing, Latin Am. J. Solid. Struct., vol. 14, pp. 1293–1313, 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. E. Ismail, and M. F. Sahrom, Lateral crushing energy absorption of cylindrical kenaf fiber reinforced composites, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 19277–19288, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• M. F. A. Alkbir, and M. R. Ishak, Lateral crushing properties of non-woven kenaf (mat)-reinforced epoxy composite hexagonal tubes, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 965–972, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. T. Lau, M. A. Said, and M. Y. Yaakob, On the effect of geometrical designs and failure modes in composite axial crushing: A literature review, Compos. Struct., vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 803–812, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. L. Farley, and R. M. Jones, Crushing characteristics of continuous fiber-reinforced composite tubes, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 37–50, 1992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Tabacu, and C. Ducu, Experimental testing and numerical analysis of FDM multi-cell inserts and hybrid structures, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 129, pp. 197–212, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. D. C. Silva, G. M. Castro, A. B. D. S. Oliveira, A. C. Brasil, and S. M. Luz, Crashworthiness performance of hybrid energy absorbers using PET-G honeycomb structure, Mech. Based Des. Struct. Mach., pp. 1–26, 2022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. S. Birch, and N. Jones, Dynamic and static axial crushing of axially stiffened cylindrical shells, Thin-Wall. Struct., vol. 9, no. 1–4, pp. 29–60, 1990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kamran, X. Pu, N. A. V. E. E. D. Ahmed, and A. A. G. Hanif, Numerical dynamic axial crushing of bi-tubular metallic cylindrical tubes with stiffeners. ICIC express letters, Part B, Appl: Int. J. Res. Surv., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1595–1601, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• C. W. Isaac, and F. Duddeck, Current trends in additively manufactured (3D printed) energy absorbing structures for crashworthiness application–a review, Virtual Phys. Prototyp., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1–44, 2022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Ma, M. R. M. Rejab, A. P. Kumar, H. Fu, N. M. Kumar, and J. Tang, Effect of infill pattern, density and material type of 3D printed cubic structure under quasi-static loading, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C. J. Mech. Eng. Sci., vol. 235, no. 19, pp. 4254–4272, 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Wang, J. Xiang, J. Wang, G. Xie, Y. Liu, Y. Peng, Y. Rao, and R.M. Boumbimba, Effects of printing direction on quasi‐static and dynamic compressive behavior of 3D printed short fiber reinforced polyamide‐based composites, Polym. Adv. Technol., 2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Wang, X. Xie, J. Wang, A. Zhao, Y. Peng, and Y. Rao, Effects of infill characteristics and strain rate on the deformation and failure properties of additively manufactured polyamide-based composite structures, Res. Phys., vol. 18, pp. 103346, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• D. X. Li, X. Deng, J. Wang, J. Yang, and X. Li, Mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 6–polyurethane block copolymer reinforced with short glass fibers, Wear., vol. 269, no. 3–4, pp. 262–268, 2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar