266
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review

, , &
Pages 641-656 | Received 31 Jan 2017, Accepted 02 Jul 2017, Published online: 28 Jul 2017

References

  • Agius R, Kintz P. 1999. Guidelines for European workplace drug an alcohol testing in hair. Drug Test Anal. 2(8):367–376.
  • Barceloux DG, Palmer RB. 2013. Anabolic-androgenic steroids. Dis Mon. 59(6):226–248.
  • Beato M, Klug J. 2000. Steroid hormone receptors: an update. Hum Reprod Update. 6(3):225–236.
  • Becue I, Bovee TF, Van Poucke C, Groot MJ, Nielen MW, Van Peteghem C. 2011. Applicability of a yeast bioassay in the detection of steroid esters in hair. Anal Bioanal Chem. 399(3):1031–1039.
  • Blokland MH, Van Trich EF, Van Rossum HJ, Sterk SS, Nielen MW. 2012. Endogenous steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics for the detection of natural hormone abuse in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 29(7):1030–1045.
  • Bordin DCM, Monedeiro FFSS, Campos EG, Alves MNR, Bueno LHP. 2015. Técnicas de preparo de amostras biológicas com interesse forense. SC. 7(2):125–143.
  • Bresson M, Cirimele V, Villain M, Kintz P. 2006. Doping control for metandienone using hair analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 836(1–2):124–128.
  • Brown HG, Perrett D. 2011. Detection of doping in sport: detecting anabolic-androgenic steroids in human fingernail clippings. Med Leg J. 79(2):67–69.
  • Campos DR, Yonamine M, Alves MJNN, Moreau RLM. 2005. Detection of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rev Bras Cienc Farm. 41(4):467–476.
  • Casilli A, Piper T, de Oliveira FA, Padilha MC, Pereira HM, Thevis M, de Aquino Neto FR. 2016. Optimization of an online heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography clean-up step for isotopic ratio mass spectrometry and simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry measurements of endogenous anabolic steroid in urine. Drug Test Anal. 8(11–12):1204–1211.
  • Chen HC, Farese RV. 1999. Steroid hormones: interactions with membrane-bound receptors. Curr Biol. 9(13):R478–R481.
  • Choi MH, Chung BC. 1999. GC-MS determination of steroids related to androgen biosynthesis in human hair with pentafluorophenyldimethylsilyl-trimethylsilyl derivatisation. Analyst. 124(9):1297–1300.
  • Choi MH, Yoo YS, Chung BC. 2001. Measurement of testosterone and pregnenolone in nails using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 754(2):495–501.
  • Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Taylor NF. 2008. Sodium ascorbate improves yield of urinary steroids during hydrolysis with Helix pomatia juice. Steroids. 73(3):309–319.
  • Coutts SB, Kicman AT, Hurst DT, Cowan DA. 1997. Intramuscular administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone heptanoate: changes in urinary hormone profile. Clin Chem. 43(11):2091–2098.
  • de Boer B, de Jong EG, van Rossum JM, Maes R. 1991. Doping control of testosterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin: a case study. Int J Sports Med. 12(1):46–51.
  • Dehennin L, Lafarge P, Dailly P, Bailloux D, Lafarge JP. 1996. Combined profile of androgen glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in post-competition urine of sportsmen: a simple screening procedure using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B, Biomed Appl. 687(1):85–91.
  • de la Torre X, Gonzalez JC, Pichini S, Pascual JÁ, Segura J. 2001. 13C/12C isotope ratio MS analysis of testosterone, in chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 24(4):645–650.
  • Deshmukh N, Hussain I, Barker J, Petroczi A, Naughton DP. 2010. Analysis of anabolic steroids in human hair using LC-MS/MS. Steroids. 75(10):710–714.
  • Di Luigi L, Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Mazzarino M, Donati F, Braganò MC, Bianchini S, Fierro V, Casasco M, Botrè F, et al. 2009. Urinary and serum hormones profiles after testosterone enanthate administration in male hypogonadism: concerns on the detection of doping with testosterone in treated hypogonadal athletes. J Endocrinol Invest. 32(5):445–453.
  • Durdiaková J, Fábryová H, Koborová I, Ostatníková D, Celec P. 2013. The effects of saliva collection, handling and storage on salivary testosterone measurement. Steroids. 78(14):1325–1331.
  • Ferchaud V, Courcoux P, Le Bizec B, Monteau F, André F. 2000. Enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated steroid metabolites: search for optimum conditions using response surface methodology. Analyst. 125(12):2255–2259.
  • Flanagan RJ, Taylor A, Watson ID, Whelpton R. 2008. Analytical toxicology: overview. In: Fundamentals of analytical toxicology. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Forsdahl G, Erceg D, Geisendorfer T, Turkalj M, Plavec D, Thevis M, Tretzel L, Gmeiner G. 2015. Detection of testosterone esters in blood. Drug Test Anal. 7(11–12):983–989.
  • Galesio M, Rial-Otero R, Simal-Gándara J, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Capelo-Martínez JL. 2010. Improved ultrasonic-based sample treatment for the screening of anabolic steroids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 24(16):2375–2385.
  • Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. 2014. Anabolic agents: recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. Br J Sports Med. 48(10):820–826.
  • Gomes RL, Meredith W, Snape CE, Sephton MA. 2009. Analysis of conjugated steroid androgens: deconjugation, derivatisation and associated issues. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 49(5):1133–1140.
  • Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. 2013. A new sulphate metabolite as a long-term marker of metandienone misuse. Steroids. 78(12–13):44–52.
  • Gosetti F, Mazzucco E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. 2013. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination and profiling of prohibited steroids in human biological matrices. A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 927:22–36.
  • Graef V, Furuya E, Nlshlkaze O. 1977. Hydrolysis of steroid glucuronides with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver, Helix pomatia, and E. coli. Clin Chem. 23(3):532–536.
  • Gröschl M, Wagner R, Rauh M, Dörr HG. 2001. Stability of salivary steroids: the influences of storage, food and dental care. Steroids. 66(10):737–741.
  • Hakansson A, Mickelsson K, Wallin C, Berglund M. 2012. Anabolic androgenic steroids in the general population: user characteristics and associations with substance use. Eur Addict Res. 18(2):83–90.
  • Hauser B, Deschner T, Boesch C. 2008. Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 23 endogenous steroids in small quantities of primate urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 862(1–2):100–112.
  • Herati AS, Cengiz C, Lamb DJ. 2016. Assays of serum testosterone. Urol Clin North Am. 43(2):177–184.
  • Higashi T, Takayama N, Shimada K. 2005. Enzymic conversion of 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroids and their sulfates to 3-oxo-4-ene-steroids for increasing sensitivity in LC-APCI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 39(3–4):718–723.
  • Higashi T, Yamagata K, Kato Y, Ogawa Y, Takano K, Nakaaze Y, Iriyama T, Min JZ, Ogawa S. 2016. Methods for determination of fingernail steroids by LC/MS/MS and differences in their contents between right and left hands. Steroids. 109:60–65.
  • Houghton E, Grainger L, Dumasia MC, Teale P. 1992. Application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to steroid analysis in equine sports: problems with enzyme hydrolysis. Org Mass Spectrom. 27(10):1061–1070.
  • Hurwitz AR. 1972. Differential sulfate ester solvolysis. Anal Biochem. 46(1):338–341.
  • Ismail AA, Harkness RA. 1966. A method for the estimation of urinary testosterone. Biochem J. 99(3):717–725.
  • Jenkison C, Deshmukh NIK, Shah I, Zachár G, Székely AD, Petroczi A, Naughton DP. 2014. LC-MS/MS-Based assay for free and deconjugated testosterone and epitestosterone in rat urine and serum. J Anal Bioanal Tech. S5:1–5.
  • Kazihnitková H, Tejkalová H, Benesová O, Bicíková M, Hill M, Hampl R. 2004. Simultaneous determination of dehydroepiandrosterone, its 7-hydroxylated metabolites, and their sulfates in rat brain tissues. Steroids. 69(10):667–674.
  • Kent JR, Rawitch AB, Peacock F. 1965. A method for the rapid hydrolysis of urinary glucuronoside metabolites of testosterone. Clin Chem. 11:589–594.
  • Kicman AT. 2010. Biochemical and physiological aspects of endogenous androgens. In: Thieme D, Hemmersbach P, editors Doping in sports: handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin: Springer; p. 25–64.
  • Kicman AT, Gower DB. 2003. Anabolic steroids in sport: biochemical, clinical and analytical perspectives. Ann Clin Biochem. 40(4):321–356.
  • Kintz P, Cirimele V, Jeanneau T, Ludes B. 1999. Identification of testosterone and testosterone esters in human hair. J Anal Toxicol. 23(5):352–356.
  • Kintz P, Cirimele V, Sachs H, Jeanneau T, Ludes B. 1999. Testing for anabolic steroids in hair from two bodybuilders. Forensic Sci Int. 101(3):209–216.
  • Kjeld JM, Puah CM, Joplin GF. 1977. Rise of unconjugated sex hormones in human urine in storage. Clin Chim Acta. 86:235–243.
  • Konieczna L, Plenis A, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Bączek T. 2011. Optimization of LC method for the determination of testosterone and epitestosterone in urine samples in view of biomedical studies and anti-doping research studies. Talanta. 83(3):804–814.
  • Kotronoulas A, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R, Joglar J, Pozo OJ. 2015. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric detection of glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis: implications to doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 895:35–44.
  • Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gomez A, Segura J, Ventura R, Joglar J, Pozo OJ. 2016. Evaluation of two glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis as markers of testosterone oral administration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 165(B):212–218.
  • Kuurane T. 2010. Phase-II metabolism of androgens and its relevance for doping control analysis. In: Thieme D, Hemmersbach P, editors. Doping in sports: handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin: Springer; p. 65–75.
  • Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R. 2004. Screening of free 17-alkyl-substituted anabolic steroids in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids. 69(2):101–109.
  • Lundberg B. 1979. The solubilisation of some steroids by phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles. Chem Phys Lipids. 24(3):257–263.
  • Manni A, Pardridge WM, Cefalu W, Nisula BC, Bardin CW, Santner SJ, Santen RJ. 1985. Bioavailability of albumin-bound testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 61(4):705–710.
  • Marques MAS, Pereira HMG, Neto FRA. 2003. Controle de dopagem de anabolizantes: o perfil esteroidal e suas regulações. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 9:15–24.
  • Martínez-Brito D, Correa Vidal MT, de la Torre X, García-Mir V, Ledea Lozano O, Granda Fraga M. 2013. Reference ranges for the urinary steroid profile in a Latin-American population. Drug Test Anal. 5(8):619–626.
  • Massé R, Ayotte C, Dugal D. 1989. Studies on anabolic steroids. I. Integrated methodological approach to the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anabolic steroid metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr. 489(1):23–50.
  • Matsuda H. 1963. Effect of administration of dehydroepiandrosterone alone or combined with sex hormones on the 17-ketosteroid levels in female urine (by the solvolysis method). Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 15:1130–1136.
  • Meng LJ, Sjövall J. 1997. Method for combined analysis of profiles of conjugated progesterone metabolites and bile acids in serum and urine of pregnant women. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 688(1):11–26.
  • Messeri G, Cugnetto G, Moneti G, Serio M. 1984. Helix pomatia induced conversion of some 3 beta-hydroxysteroids. J Steroid Biochem. 20(3):793–796.
  • Morley JE, Perry HM 3rd. 2000. Androgen deficiency in aging men: role of testosterone replacement therapy. J Lab Clin Med. 135(5):370–378.
  • Oftebro H, Jensen J, Mowinckel P, Norli HR. 1994. Establishing a ketoconazole suppression test for verifying testosterone administration in the doping control of athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 78(4):973–977.
  • Orlov EN, Antipov EM, Berezkin VG, Nikolaev NN. 1996. Acid-hydrolysis of steroid conjugates combined with solvent extraction for obtaining chromatograms of urine steroid mixtures. J Anal Chem. 51:682–686.
  • Ouellet A, LeBerre N, Ayotte C. 2013. A simplified and accurate method for the analysis of urinary metabolites of testosterone-related steroids using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 27(15):1739–1750.
  • Pedersen M, Frandsen HL, Andersen JH. 2017. Optimised deconjugation of androgenic steroid conjugates in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 34(4):482–488.
  • Peng SH, Segura J, Farré M, de la Torre X. 2000. Oral testosterone administration detected by testosterone glucuronidation measured in blood spots dried on filter paper. Clin Chem. 46(4):515–522.
  • Perry PJ, MacIndoe JH, Yates WR, Scott SD, Holman TL. 1997. Detection of anabolic steroid administration: ratio of urinary testosterone to epitestosterone vs the ratio of urinary testosterone to luteinizing hormone. Clin Chem. 43(5):731–735.
  • Polet M, Van Eenoo P. 2015. GC-C-IRMS in routine doping control practice: 3 years of drug testing data, quality control and evolution of the method. Anal Bioanal Chem. 407(15):4397–4409.
  • Pozo OJ, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P, Rubens R, Delbeke FT. 2009. Quantification of testosterone undecanoate in human hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 23(8):873–880.
  • Puah CM, Kjeld JM, Joplin GF. 1978. A radioimmuno-chromatographic scanning method for the analysis of testosterone conjugates in urine and serum. J Chromatogr. 145(2):247–255.
  • Pujos E, Flament-Waton MM, Goetinck P, Grenier-Loustalot MF. 2004. Optimizing the extraction and analysis of DHEA sulfate, corticosteroids and androgens in urine: application to a study of the influence of corticosteroid intake on urinary steroid profiles. Anal Bioanal Chem. 380(3):524–536.
  • Rosemary CP. 2014. Esteróides anabólicos androgênicos. In: Oga S, Camargo MMA, Batistuzzo JAO, editors Fundamentos de toxicologia. 4th ed. SãoPaulo: Atheneu; p. 557–568.
  • Sanches LR, Seulin SC, Leyton V, Paranhos BA, Pasqualucci CA, Muñoz DR, Osselton MD, Yonamine M. 2012. Determination of opiates in whole blood and vitreous humor: a study of the matrix effect and an experimental design to optimize conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides. J Anal Toxicol. 36(3):162–170.
  • Schmidt NA, Borburgh HJ, Penders TJ, Weykamp CW. 1985. Steroid profiling-an update. Clin Chem. 31(4):637–639.
  • Scherer C, Wachter U, Wudy SA. 1998. Determination of testosterone in human hair by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Analyst. 123(12):2661–2663.
  • Schweizer Grundisch C, Baume N, Saugy M. 2014. Degradation of methyltestosterone in urine samples. Drug Test Anal. 6(11–12):1170–1173.
  • Shackleton CH. 1986. Profiling steroid hormones and urinary steroids. J Chromatogr. 379:91–156.
  • Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. 2014. Dried blood spots: concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal. 6(5):399–414.
  • Spiehler V. 2008. Drugs in saliva. In: Fundamentals of analytical toxicology. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Strano-Rossi S, Castrignanò E, Anzillotti L, Odoardi S, De-Giorgio F, Bermejo A, Pascali VL. 2013. Screening for exogenous androgen anabolic steroids in human hair by liquid chromatography/orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 793:61–71.
  • Tang PW, Crone DL. 1989. A new method for hydrolyzing sulfate and glucuronyl conjugates of steroids. Anal Biochem. 182(2):289–294.
  • Thevis M, Piper T, Horning S, Juchelka D, Schänzer W. 2013. Hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry and high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry in metabolite identification studies: detecting target compounds for sports drug testing. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 27(17):1904–1912.
  • Thieme D, Grosse J, Keller L, Graw M. 2011. Urinary concentrations of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate as thresholds to determine potential ethanol-induced alteration of steroid profiles. Drug Test Anal. 3(11–12):851–856.
  • Thieme D, Grosse J, Sachs H, Mueller RK. 2000. Analytical strategy for detecting doping agents in hair. Forensic Sci Int. 107(1–3):335–345.
  • Thieme D, Rautenberg C, Grossea J, Schoenfelderb M. 2013. Significant increase of salivary testosterone levels after single therapeutic transdermal administration of testosterone: suitability as a potential screening parameter in doping control. Drug Test Anal. 5(11–12):819–825.
  • Thomas A, Guddat S, Kohler M, Krug O, Schänzer W, Petrou M, Thevis M. 2010. Comprehensive plasma-screening for known and unknown substances in doping controls. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 24(8):1124–1132.
  • Tretzel L, Thomas A, Geyer H, Gmeiner G, Forsdahl G, Pop V, Schänzer W, Thevis M. 2014. Use of dried blood spots in doping control analysis of anabolic steroid esters. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 96:21–30.
  • van de Kerkhof DH, de Boer D, Thijssen JH, Maes RA. 2000. Evaluation of testosterone/epitestosterone ratio influential factors as determined in doping analysis. J Anal Toxicol. 24(2):102–115.
  • Venturelli E, Cavalleri A, Secreto G. 1995. Methods for urinary testosterone analysis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 671(1–2):363–380.
  • Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. 1999. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84(10):3666–72.
  • Vestergaard P. 1978. The hydrolysis of conjugated neutral steroids in urine. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 217:96–120.
  • Vieira JGH, Nakamura OH, Ferrer CM, Tachibana TT, Endo MEK, Carvalho VM. 2008. Importância da metodologia na dosagem de testosterona sérica: comparação entre um imunoensaio direto e um método fundamentado em cromatografia líquida de alta performance e espectrometria de massa em tandem (HPLC/MS-MS). Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 52(6):1050–1055.
  • WADA. 2014. World Anti-Doping Agency. Urine sample collection guidelines. [accessed 2017 Jun]. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_urine_sample_collection_2014_v1.0_en.pdf.
  • WADA. 2015. World Anti-Doping Agency. Detection of synthetic forms of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids by GC/C/IRMS. [accessed 2017 Jun]. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-td2016irms-detection_synthetic_forms_eaas_by_irms-en.pdf.
  • WADA. 2016. World Anti-Doping Agency. WADA technical document-TD2016EAAS. [accessed 2017 Jun]. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-td2016eaas-eaas-measurement-and-reporting-en.pdf.
  • Walker RF, Hughes IA, Riad-Fahmy D. 1979. Salivary 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 11(6):631–637.
  • Wakabayashi M, Fishman WH. 1961. The comparative ability of beta-glucuronidase preparations (liver, Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia, and Patella vulgata) to hydrolyze certain steroid glucosiduronic acids. J Biol Chem. 236:996–1001.
  • Wang M, Xiang P, Yan H, Shen B, Shen M. 2008. Determination of endogenous steroids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectromretry. Se Pu. 26(1):10–14.
  • Weltring A, Schaebs FS, Perry SE, Deschner T. 2012. Simultaneous measurement of endogenous steroid hormones and their metabolites with LC-MS/MS in faeces of a New World primate species, Cebus capucinus. Physiol Behav. 105(2):510–521.
  • Zhan Y, Musteata FM, Basset FA, Pawliszyn J. 2012. Determination of free and deconjugated testosterone and epitestosterone in urine using SPME and LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis. 3(1):23–30.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.