A review on potential toxicity of dental material and screening their biocompatibility

References

• Ahmadian E, Eftekhari A, Babaei H, Nayebi AM, Eghbal MA. 2017. Anti-cancer effects of citalopram on hepatocellular carcinoma cells occur via cytochrome C release and the activation of NF-kB. Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem. 17:1570–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrari F, Tavakkol Afshari J, Poosti M, Brook A. 2010. Cytotoxicity of orthodontic bonding adhesive resins on human oral fibroblasts. Eur J Orthod.Orthodontics. 32:688–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alanko K, Susitaival P, Jolanki R, Kanerva L. 2004. Occupational skin diseases among dental nurses. Contact Derm. 50:77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrektsson T, Brånemark P, Hansson H-A, Kasemo B, Larsson K, Lundström I, McQueen DH, Skalak R. 1983. The interface zone of inorganic implantsIn vivo: Titanium implants in bone. Ann Biomed Eng. 11:1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrektsson T, Dahl E, Enbom L, Engevall S, Engquist B, Eriksson AR, Feldmann G, Freiberg N, Glantz PO, Kjellman O. 1988. Osseointegrated oral implants. A Swedish multicenter study of 8139 consecutively inserted Nobelpharma implants. J Periodontol. 59:287–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hiyasat AS, Bashabsheh OM, Darmani H. 2002. Elements released from dental casting alloys and their cytotoxic effects. Int J Prosthodontics. 15:473–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hiyasat AS, Bashabsheh OM, Darmani H. 2003. An investigation of the cytotoxic effects of dental casting alloys. Int J Prosthodontics. 16:8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo AMD, Alves GR, Avanço GT, Parizi JLS, Nai GA. 2013. Assessment of methyl methacrylate genotoxicity by the micronucleus test. Braz Oral Res. 27:31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashour H, Abdel-Rahman M, Khodair A. 1993. The mechanism of methyl mercury toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett. 69:87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belibasakis GN. 2014. Microbiological and immuno-pathological aspects of peri-implant diseases. Arch Oral Biol. 59:66–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black J. 2005. Biological performance of materials: fundamentals of biocompatibility. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis group.
   Google Scholar
• Blasiak J, Kasznicki J, Drzewoski J, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Reiter RJ. 2011. Perspectives on the use of melatonin to reduce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of methacrylate-based dental materials. J Pineal Res. 51:157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cal E, Guneri P, Atay A, Cetintas VB. 2014. Cytotoxicity of dentin bonding agents. Gen Dent. 62:e11–e14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camargo SEA, Jóias RP, Santana-Melo GF, Ferreira LT, El Achkar VNR, Rode SDM. 2014. Conventional and whitening toothpastes: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and effect on the enamel surface. Am J Dent. 27:307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi T. 2009. An overview of the corrosion aspect of dental implants (titanium and its alloys). Indian J Dent Res. 20:91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaturvedi TP. 2013. Allergy related to dental implant and its clinical significance. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 5:57–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuang S, Cai T, Douglass C, Wei L, Dodson T. 2005. Frailty approach for the analysis of clustered failure time observations in dental research. J Dent Res. 84:54–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirci M, Hiller K-A, Bosl C, Galler K, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. 2008. The induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity by dental adhesives. Dent Mater. 24:362–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derks J, Tomasi C. 2015. Peri‐implant health and disease. A systematic review of current epidemiology. J Clin Periodontology. 42:S158–S171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditrichova D, Kapralova S, Tichy M, Ticha V, Dobesova J, Justova E, Eber M, Pirek P. 2007. Oral lichenoid lesions and allergy to dental materials. Biomed Pap Med Faculty Palacky Univ Olomouc. 151:333–339.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dizaj SM, Barzegar-Jalali M, Zarrintan MH, Adibkia K, Lotfipour F. 2015. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles; potential in bone and tooth disorders. Pharm Sci. 20:175.
   Google Scholar
• Dizaj SM, Lotfipour F, Barzegar-Jalali M, Zarrintan MH, Adibkia K. 2014. Antimicrobial activity of the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 44:278–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs JMZ, Shuman D, Stull SC, Ratzlaff RE. 2010. Bisphenol A blood and saliva levels prior to and after dental sealant placement in adults. Am Dent Hygienists' Assoc. 84:145–150.
   Google Scholar
• Eftekhari A, Dizaj SM, Chodari L, Sunar S, Hasanzadeh A, Ahmadian E, Hasanzadeh M. 2018. The promising future of nano-antioxidant therapy against environmental pollutants induced-toxicities. Biomed Pharmacother. 103:1018–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar-García M, Rodríguez-Contreras K, Ruiz-Rodríguez S, Pierdant-Pérez M, Cerda-Cristerna B, Pozos-Guillén A. 2016. Eugenol toxicity in human dental pulp fibroblasts of primary teeth. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 40:312–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng X, Chen A, Zhang Y, Wang J, Shao L, Wei L. 2015. Application of dental nanomaterials: potential toxicity to the central nervous system. Int J Nanomed. 10:3547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisch AF, Sheffield PE, Chinn C, Edelstein BL, Landrigan PJ. 2010. Bisphenol A and related compounds in dental materials. Pediatrics. 126:2009–2693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann P. 1928. Zur Frage der Gefährlichkeitkleinster Quecksilbermengen1. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 54:304–307.
   Google Scholar
• Franz A, König F, Lucas T, Watts DC, Schedle A. 2009. Cytotoxic effects of dental bonding substances as a function of degree of conversion. Dent Mater. 25:232–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisken K, Dandie G, Lugowski S, Jordan G. 2002. A study of titanium release into body organs following the insertion of single threaded screw implants into the mandibles of sheep. Aust Dent J. 47:214–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García‐Contreras R, Argueta‐Figueroa L, Mejía‐Rubalcava C, Jiménez‐Martínez R, Cuevas‐Guajardo S, Sánchez‐Reyna PA, Mendieta‐Zeron H. 2011. Perspectives for the use of silver nanoparticles in dental practice. Int Dent J. 61:297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M. 2008. In vitro and in vivo studies on the toxicity of dental resin components: a review. Clin Oral Investig. 12:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallab N, Merritt K, Jacobs JJ. 2001. Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants. JBJS. 83:428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamouda IM. 2012. Current perspectives of nanoparticles in medical and dental biomaterials. J Biomed Res. 26:143–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heil J, Reifferscheid G, Waldmann P, Leyhausen G, Geurtsen W. 1996. Genotoxicity of dental materials. Mutat Res/Genet Toxicol. 368:181–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensten-Pettersen A. 1998. Skin and mucosal reactions associated with dental materials. Eur J Oral Sci. 106:707–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hörsted-Bindslev P. 2004. Amalgam toxicity-environmental and occupational hazards. J Dent. 32:359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang FM, Chang YC, Lee SS, Yeh CH, Lee KG, Huang YC, Chen CJ, Chen WY, Pan PH, Kuan YH. 2016. BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophages are attenuated by wogonin via reduction of intrinsic caspase pathway activation. Environ Toxicol. 31:176–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang FM, Kuan YH, Lee SS, Chang YC. 2015. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of triethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate in macrophages involved in DNA damage and caspases activation. Environ Toxicol. 30:581–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui-Derksen E, Chen C-F, Majewski R, Tootla RG, Boynton JR. 2013. Retrospective record review: reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol pulpotomy: a retrospective study. Pediatr Dent. 35:43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume W, Gerzina T. 1996. Bioavailability of components of resin-based materials which are applied to teeth. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 7:172–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kallus T, Mjör IA. 1991. Incidence of adverse effects of dental materials. Scand J Dent Res. 99:236–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karabucak B, Stoopler E. 2007. Root canal treatment on a patient with zinc oxide allergy: a case report. Int Endod J. 40:800–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsuno K, Manabe A, Kurihara A, Itoh K, Hisamitsu H, Wakumoto S, Yoshida T. 1998. The adverse effect of commercial dentine-bonding systems on the skin of guinea pigs. J Oral Rehabil. 25:180–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Ahmad A, Akhtar F, Yousuf S, Xess I, Khan LA, Manzoor N. 2011. Induction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of the antifungal action of three phenylpropanoids. FEMS Yeast Res. 11:114–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick C, Bittinger F, Wagner M, Köhler H, Van Kooten T, Klein C, Otto M. 1998. Current trends in biocompatibility testing. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 212:75–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinsasser NH, Schmid K, Sassen AW, Harréus UA, Staudenmaier R, Folwaczny M, Glas J, Reichl F-X. 2006. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of resin monomers in human salivary gland tissue and lymphocytes as assessed by the single cell microgel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. Biomaterials. 27:1762–1770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyanagi T, Sakamoto M, Takeuchi Y, Ohkuma M, Izumi Y. 2010. Analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implantitis using 16S rRNA gene clone library. J Oral Microbiol. 2:5104.
   Google Scholar
• Krifka S, Seidenader C, Hiller K-A, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. 2012. Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity generated by dental composites in human pulp cells. Clin Oral Investig. 16:215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefeuvre M, Amjaad W, Goldberg M, Stanislawski L. 2005. TEGDMA induces mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in human gingival fibroblasts. Biomaterials. 26:5130–5137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YC, Kuan YH, Huang FM, Chang YC. 2012. The role of DNA damage and caspase activation in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of macrophages induced by bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate. Int Endod J. 45:499–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobner D, Asrari M. 2003. Neurotoxicity of dental amalgam is mediated by zinc. J Dent Res. 82:243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lottner S, Shehata M, Hickel R, Reichl F-X, Durner J. 2013. Effects of antioxidants on DNA-double strand breaks in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to methacrylate based monomers. Dent Mater. 29:991–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyapina M, Yaneva-Deliverska M, Deliversky J, Kisselova A. 2015. European and international standards on medical devices for dentistry. J IMAB–Annu Proceed Sci Pap. 21:713–717.
   Google Scholar
• Markowitz K, Moynihan M, Liu M, Kim S. 1992. Biologic properties of eugenol and zinc oxide-eugenol. A clinically oriented review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 73:729–737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell DL, Synnott SA, VanDercreek JA. 1990. Tissue reaction involving an intraoral skin graft and CP titanium abutments: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants. 5:83–93.
   Google Scholar
• Mjör IA. 1992. Problems and benefits associated with restorative materials: side-effects and long-term cost. Adv Dent Res. 6:7–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moharamzadeh K, Van Noort R, Brook IM, Scutt AM. 2007. Cytotoxicity of resin monomers on human gingival fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes. Dent Mater. 23:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray PE, García Godoy C, García Godoy F. 2007. How is the biocompatibilty of dental biomaterials evaluated? Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 12:258–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mutoh N, Tani-Ishii N. 2011. A biocompatible model for evaluation of the responses of rat periapical tissue to a new zinc oxide-eugenol sealer. Dent Mater J. 30:176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutter J, Naumann J, Walach H, Daschner F. 2005. Amalgam risk assessment with coverage of references up to 2005. Gesundheitswesen. 67:204–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noda M, Wataha J, Kaga M, Lockwood P, Volkmann K, Sano H. 2002. Components of dentinal adhesives modulate heat shock protein 72 expression in heat-stressed THP-1 human monocytes at sublethal concentrations. J Dent Res. 81:265–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman RB, Swain MV. 2015. A critical review of dental implant materials with an emphasis on titanium versus zirconia. Materials. 8:932–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özcan M, Hämmerle C. 2012. Titanium as a reconstruction and implant material in dentistry: advantages and pitfalls. Materials. 5:1528–1545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnia F, Yazdani J, Javaherzadeh V, Dizaj SM. 2017. Overview of nanoparticle coating of dental implants for enhanced osseointegration and antimicrobial purposes. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 20:148–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnia F, Yazdani J, Maleki Dizaj S. 2018. Applications of mesenchymal stem cells in sinus lift augmentation as a dental implant technology. Stem Cells Int. 2018:1.
   Google Scholar
• Parr GR, Gardner LK, Toth RW. 1985. Titanium: the mystery metal of implant dentistry. Dental materials aspects. J Prosthet Dent. 54:410–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peumans M, Kanumilli P, De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. 2005. Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives: a systematic review of current clinical trials. Dent Mater. 21:864–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponce Bravo S, Ledesma Montes C, Martínez-Rivera JI, Morales-Sánchez I. 2011. Toxicity test of a dental commercial composite in rats. J Clin Exp Dent. 3:e280–e28.
   Google Scholar
• Raghavendra R, Naidu KA. 2009. Spice active principles as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent Fatty Acids. 81:73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichl F-X, Esters M, Simon S, Seiss M, Kehe K, Kleinsasser N, Folwaczny M, Glas J, Hickel R. 2006. Cell death effects of resin-based dental material compounds and mercurials in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol. 80:370–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichl F-X, Simon S, Esters M, Seiss M, Kehe K, Kleinsasser N, Hickel R. 2006. Cytotoxicity of dental composite (co)monomers and the amalgam component Hg(2+) in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol. 80:465–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigosa M, Labarta V, Molinari G, Bernales D. 2008. Cytocompatibility, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of dental implants. BAG J Basic Appl Genet. 19:43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro D, Marques M, Salvadori DMF. 2005. Assessment of genetic damage induced by dental bleaching agents on mouse lymphoma cells by single cell gel (comet) assay. J Oral Rehabil. 32:766–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro DA, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF. 2006. Study of DNA damage induced by dental bleaching agents in vitro. Braz Oral Res. 20:47–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ribeiro DA, Yujra VQ, De Moura CFG, Handan BA, Viana MDB, Yamauchi LY, Castelo PM, Aguiar O. 2017. Genotoxicity induced by dental materials: a comprehensive review. Anticancer Res. 37:4017–4024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts SK, McAinsh M, Cantopher H, Sandison S. 2014. Calcium dependence of eugenol tolerance and toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PloS One. 9:e102712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanos GE, Weitz D. 2012. Therapy of peri-implant diseases. Where is the evidence? J Evid Based Dent Pract. 12:204–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowan AN. 1997. The benefits and ethics of animal research. Sci Am. 276:79–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadoh D, Sharief M, Howard R. 1999. Case Study: Occupational exposure to methyl methacrylate monomer induces generalised neuropathy in a dental technician. Br Dent J. 186:380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samiei M, Farjami A, Dizaj SM, Lotfipour F. 2016. Nanoparticles for antimicrobial purposes in Endodontics: A systematic review of in vitro studies. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 58:1269–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalz G. 2009. Resin-based composites. In: Schmalz G, Arenholt-Bindslev D, editors. Biocompatibility of dental materials. Berlin, Germany and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; p. 99–137.
   Google Scholar
• Schmalz G, Fan PL. 2009. Regulations and standards. In: Schmalz G, Arenholt-Bindslev D, editors. Biocompatibility of dental materials. Berlin, Germany and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; p. 45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Schmalz G, Galler KM. 2017. Biocompatibility of biomaterials - Lessons learned and considerations for the design of novel materials. Dent Mater. 33:382–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalz G, Garhammer P. 2002. Biological interactions of dental cast alloys with oral tissues. Dent Mater. 18:396–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid-Schwap M, Franz A, König F, Bristela M, Lucas T, Piehslinger E, Watts DC, Schedle A. 2009. Cytotoxicity of four categories of dental cements. Dent Mater. 25:360–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweikl H, Spagnuolo G, Schmalz G. 2006. Genetic and cellular toxicology of dental resin monomers. J Dent Res. 85:870–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott A, Egner W, Gawkrodger D, Hatton P, Sherriff M, Van Noort R, Yeoman C, Grummitt J. 2004. The national survey of adverse reactions to dental materials in the UK: a preliminary study by the UK Adverse Reactions Reporting Project. Br Dent J. 196:471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şişman R, Aksoy A, Yalçın M, Karaöz E. 2016. Cytotoxic effects of bulk fill composite resins on human dental pulp stem cells. J Oral Sci. 58:299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DC. 1993. Dental implants: materials and design considerations. Int J Prosthodontics. 6:106–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SÖDERHOLM K-J, Mariotti A. 1999. BIS-GMA-based resins in dentistry: are they safe? J Am Dent Assoc. 130:201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford J. 1980. Recommended standard practices for cytotoxicity testing. FDI World Dental Fed Conjunction Int Stand Organ Dent J. 30:141–173.
   Google Scholar
• Swetha B, Mathew S, Murthy B, Shruthi N, Bhandi SH. 2015. Determination of biocompatibility: a review. Int Dent Med J Adv Res. 1:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• SyeD M, ChopRa R, SaChDeV V. 2015. Allergic reactions to dental materials-a systematic review. J Clin Diagn Res. 9:ZE04.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tadin A, Gavić L, Galić N. 2016. Biocompatibility of Dental Adhesives. Adhesives-Applications and Properties. InTech.
   Google Scholar
• Thrivikraman G, Madras G, Basu B. 2014. In vitro/In vivo assessment and mechanisms of toxicity of bioceramic materials and its wear particulates. RSC Adv. 4:12763–12781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uçar Y, Brantley W. 2017. Biocompatibility of dental amalgams. Biocompatibility of dental biomaterials. Berlin: Springer; p. 95–111.
   Google Scholar
• Van Landuyt KL, Snauwaert J, De Munck J, Peumans M, Yoshida Y, Poitevin A, Coutinho E, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. 2007. Systematic review of the chemical composition of contemporary dental adhesives. Biomaterials. 28:3757–3785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazifehasl Z, Hemmati S, Zamanloo M, Dizaj SM. 2013. New series of dimethacrylate-based monomers on isosorbide as a dental material: synthesis and characterization. Int J Compos Mater. 3:100–107.
   Google Scholar
• Vera J, Siqueira JF, Ricucci D, Loghin S, Fernández N, Flores B, Cruz AG. 2012. One- versus two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a histobacteriologic study. J Endod. 38:1040–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker D. 2004. Oral mucosal immunology: an overview. Ann Acad Med Singap. 33:27–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellner P, Mayer W, Hickel R, Reichl F, Durner J. 2012. Cytokine release from human leukocytes exposed to silorane- and methacrylate-based dental materials. Dent Mater. 28:743–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DF. 1981. Fundamental aspects of biocompatibility. Vol. 1. New York, NY: CRC PressI Llc.
   Google Scholar
• Williams DF. 1999. The Williams dictionary of biomaterials. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao Y-Y, Chu Q, Shi X-E, Zheng X-D, Shen X-T, Zhang Y-Z. 2018. Toxicity testing of four silver nanoparticle-coated dental castings in 3-D LO2 cell cultures. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 19:159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Zhang J, Xiao L, Liu S, Yu J, Chen W, Zhang X, Peng B. 2015. Autophagy in resin monomer-initiated toxicity of dental mesenchymal cells: a novel therapeutic target of N-acetyl cysteine. J Mater Chem B. 3:6820–6836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar