The effects of heavy metals on human metabolism

References

• Al-Saleh I, Al-Sedairi AA, Elkhatib R. 2012. Effect of mercury (Hg) dental amalgam fillings on renal and oxidative stress biomarkers in children. Sci Total Environ. 431:188–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Samman T. 2015. Effect of heavy metal impurities in secondary Mg alloys on the microstructure and mechanical properties during deformation. Mater Des. 65:983–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida JA, Novelli ELB, Silva MD, Alves R. 2001. Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environ Pollut. 114(2):169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasiou D, Poulogiannis G, Asara JM, Boxer MB, Jiang JK, Shen M, Bellinger G, Sasaki AT, Locasale JW, Auld DS, et al. 2011. Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses. Science. 334(6060):1278–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonowicz J, Andrzejak R, Smolik R. 1990. Influence of heavy metal mixtures on erythrocyte metabolism. Int Arch Occup Environ Heath. 62(3):195–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argos M, Kalra T, Rathouz PJ, Chen Y, Pierce B, Parvez F, Islam T, Ahmed A, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, et al. 2010. Arsenic exposure from drinking water, and all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh (HEALS): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 376(9737):252–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arteel GE, Guo L, Schlierf T, Beier JI, Kaiser JP, Chen TS, Liu M, Conklin DJ, Miller HL, von Montfort C, et al. 2008. Subhepatotoxic exposure to arsenic enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 226(2):128–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asubiojo OI, Nkono NA, Ogunsua AO, Oluwole AF, Ward NI, Akanle OA, Spyrou NM. 1997. Trace elements in drinking and groundwater samples in southern Nigeria. Sci Total Environ. 208(1–2):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bánfalvi G. 2011. Cellular effects of heavy metals. Dordrecht; New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bedrin AG, Bubnov IA, Dashuk SP, Mironov IS, Borypaev GG. 2003. Compact spectral analyzer of heavy-metal impurities in air. J Opt Technol. 70(4):234–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstam L, Nriagu J. 2000. Molecular aspects of arsenic stress. J Toxicol Environ Health B-Crit Rev. 3:293–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braeckman BP, Houthoofd K, Vanfleteren JR. 2009. Intermediary metabolism. WormBook. 3:1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Challenger F. 1947. Biological methylation. Sci Prog. 35(139):396–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan TY. 2011. Inorganic mercury poisoning associated with skin-lightening cosmetic products. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 49(10):886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G. H. 2004. Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol. 38(1):11–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Liu L, Luo Y, Huang S. 2008. MAPK and mTOR pathways are involved in cadmium-induced neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem. 105(1):251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Xu B, Liu L, Luo Y, Zhou H, Chen W, Shen T, Han X, Kontos CD, Huang S. 2011. Cadmium induction of reactive oxygen species activates the mTOR pathway, leading to neuronal cell death. Free Radic Biol Med. 50(5):624–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin-Chan M, Navarro-Yepes J, Quintanilla-Vega B. 2015. Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Front Cell Neurosci. 9:124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicik B, Engin K. 2005. The effects of cadmium on levels of glucose in serum and glycogen reserves in the liver and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758). Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 29:113–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson TW. 1997. The toxicology of mercury. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 34(4):369–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson TW, Magos L. 2006. The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol. 36(8):609–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coogan TP, Latta DM, Snow ET, Costa DM. 1989. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol. 19(4):341–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo-Lopez ME, Macedo GL, Pereira SI, Arrifano GP, Picanco-Diniz DL, do Nascimento JL, Herculano AM. 2009. Mercury and human genotoxicity: critical considerations and possible molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res. 60:212–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe W, Allsopp PJ, Watson GE, Magee PJ, Strain JJ, Armstrong DJ, Ball E, McSorley EM. 2017. Mercury as an environmental stimulus in the development of autoimmunity – a systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 16(1):72–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das KK, Gupta AD, Dhundasi SA, Patil AM, Das SN, Ambekar JG. 2006. Effect of L-ascorbic acid on nickel-induced alterations in serum lipid profiles and liver histopathology in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 17(1):29–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denkhaus E, Salnikow K. 2002. Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 42(1):35–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhir B, Sharmila P, Pardha Saradhi P, Sharma S, Kumar R, Mehta D. 2011. Heavy metal induced physiological alterations in Salvinia natans. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 74(6):1678–1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagomanolin V, Farhang M, Ghazi-Khansari M, Jafarzadeh N. 2004. Heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu) in the Karoon waterway river, Iran. Toxicol Lett. 151(1):63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditzel E. J, Nguyen T, Parker P, Camenisch T. D. 2016. Effects of arsenite exposure during fetal development on energy metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced fatty liver disease in male mice. Environ Health Perspect. 124(2):201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagles-Smith CA, Wiener JG, Eckley CS, Willacker JJ, Evers DC, Marvin-DiPasquale M, Obrist D, Fleck JA, Aiken GR, Lepak JM, et al. 2016. Mercury in western North America: a synthesis of environmental contamination, fluxes, bioaccumulation, and risk to fish and wildlife. Sci Total Environ. 568:1213–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, Haze K, Itoh A, Otsuka M, Komatsu R, Matsuo T, Itabe H, Takano T, et al. 2001. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 103(15):1955–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekinci D, Beydemir S, Kufrevioglu O. I. 2007. In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 22:745–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercal N, Aykin-Burns N, Gurer-Orhan H. 2001. Assessment of lead toxicity in PC-12 cells. Free Rad Biol Med. 31:S116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora SJ, Mittal M, Mehta A. 2008. Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian J Med Res. 128(4):501–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu F, Wang Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manage. 92(3):407–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genestra M. 2007. Oxyl radicals, redox-sensitive signalling cascades and antioxidants. Cell Signal. 19(9):1807–1819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaginis C, Gatzidou E, Theocharis S. 2006. DNA repair systems as targets of cadmium toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 213(3):282–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godwin HA. 2001. The biological chemistry of lead. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 5(2):223–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber LT, Erdreicht L, Diamond GL, Maier AM, Ratney R, Zhao Q, Dourson ML. 2000. Hazard identification and dose response of inhaled nickel-soluble salts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 31(2):210–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa T, Kobayashi Y, Cui X, Hirano S. 2005. A new metabolic pathway of arsenite: arsenic-glutathione complexes are substrates for human arsenic methyltransferase Cyt19. Arch Toxicol. 79(4):183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi T, Maruyama E, Otani T, Sakamoto Y. 1965. Studies on the isocitrate dehydrogenase. I. Some properties of isocitrate dehydrogenase of beef heart muscle. J Biochem. 57(6):793–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho NY, Yang LX, Legradi J, Armant O, Takamiya M, Rastegar S, Strahle U. 2013. Gene responses in the central nervous system of zebrafish embryos exposed to the neurotoxicant methyl mercury. Environ Sci Technol. 47:3316–3325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes MF, Beck BD, Chen Y, Lewis AS, Thomas DJ. 2011. Arsenic exposure and toxicology: a historical perspective. Toxicol Sci. 123(2):305–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vahter M. 1998. Health effects of cadmium exposure–a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health. 24(1):1–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jayawardena UA, Angunawela P, Wickramasinghe DD, Ratnasooriya WD, Udagama PV. 2017. Heavy metal-induced toxicity in the Indian green frog: biochemical and histopathological alterations. Environ Toxicol Chem. 36(10):2855–2867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jomova K, Valko M. 2011. Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology. 283(2-3):65–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperczyk S, Birkner E, Kasperczyk A, Kasperczyk J. 2005. Lipids, lipid peroxidation and 7-ketocholesterol in workers exposed to lead. Hum Exp Toxicol. 24(6):287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperczyk A, Machnik G, Dobrakowski M, Sypniewski D, Birkner E, Kasperczyk S. 2012. Gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood cells of workers who were occupationally exposed to lead. Toxicology. 301(1–3):79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchin KT, Wallace K. 2008. The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 102(3):532–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles SO, Donaldson WE. 1990. Dietary modification of lead toxicity: effects on fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 95(1):99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korrick S. 2004. Effects of exposure to chemicals from industrial contamination in new Bedford, Massachusetts. Neurotoxicology. 25:673–673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Islam A, Ahmad H, Zaidi N. 2019. Graphene oxide supported on amberlite resin for the analytical method development for enhanced column preconcentration/sensitive flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of toxic metal ions in environmental samples. Ind Eng Chem Res. 58:8309–8316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane TW, Morel FM. 2000. A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97(9):4627–4631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenczewski E. 2009. Arsenic pollution: a global synthesis. Choice Curr Rev Acad Libr. 47:326–326.
   Google Scholar
• Li L, Tian X, Yu X, Dong S. 2016. Effects of acute and chronic heavy metal (Cu, Cd, and Zn) exposure on sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus). Biomed Res Int. 2016:4532697.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liaw JG, Marshall Y, Yuan C, Ferreccio C, Steinmaus, Smith AH. 2008. Increased childhood liver cancer mortality and arsenic in drinking water in northern Chile. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17:1982–7.
   Google Scholar
• Luz AL, Godebo TR, Bhatt DP, Ilkayeva OR, Maurer LL, Hirschey MD, Meyer JN. 2016. From the cover: arsenite uncouples mitochondrial respiration and induces a Warburg-like effect in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Sci. 152(2):349–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M’Bemba-Meka P, Lemieux N, Chakrabarti S. K. 2006. Role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential, and calcium homeostasis in human lymphocyte death induced by nickel carbonate hydroxide in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 80:405–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magos L. 1997. Physiology and toxicology of mercury. Met Ions Biol Syst. 34:321–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahboob M, Shireen KF, Atkinson A, Khan AT. 2001. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity in different organs of mice exposed to low level of mercury. J Environ Sci Health B. 36(5):687–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall G, Ferreccio C, Yuan Y, Bates MN, Steinmaus C, Selvin S, Liaw J, Smith AH. 2007. Fifty-year study of lung and bladder cancer mortality in Chile related to arsenic in drinking water. J Natl Cancer Inst. 99(12):920–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez-Armenta M, Villeda-Hernandez J, Barroso-Moguel R, Nava-Ruiz C, Jimenez-Capdeville ME, Rios C. 2003. Brain regional lipid peroxidation and metallothionein levels of developing rats exposed to cadmium and dexamethasone. Toxicol Lett. 144:151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miazek K, Iwanek W, Remacle C, Richel A, Goffin D. 2015. Effect of metals, metalloids and metallic nanoparticles on microalgae growth and industrial product biosynthesis: a review. IJMS. 16(10):23929–23969.
   Google Scholar
• Miller DM, Lund BO, Woods JS. 1991. Reactivity of Hg(II) with superoxide: evidence for the catalytic dismutation of superoxide by Hg(II). J Biochem Toxicol. 6(4):293–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreira EG, Vassilieff I, Vassilieff VS. 2001. Developmental lead exposure: behavioral alterations in the short and long term. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 23(5):489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudipalli A. 2007. Lead hepatotoxicity & potential health effects. Indian J Med Res. 126(6):518–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM. 2010. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 8(3):199–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naranmandura H, Xu S, Sawata T, Hao WH, Liu H, Bu N, Ogra Y, Lou YJ, Suzuki N. 2011. Mitochondria are the main target organelle for trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III))-induced cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol. 24(7):1094–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nava M, Romero F, Quiroz Y, Parra G, Bonet L, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. 2000. Melatonin attenuates acute renal failure and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 279(5):F910–F918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ognjanovic BI, Markovic SD, Ethordevic NZ, Trbojevic IS, Stajn AS, Saicic ZS. 2010. Cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant defense system in the rat testes: protective role of coenzyme Q(10) and vitamin E. Reprod Toxicol. 29:191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta H, Cherian M. G. 1991. Gastrointestinal absorption of cadmium and metallothionein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 107(1):63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oukarroum A, Zaidi W, Samadani M, Dewez D. 2017. Toxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles on a freshwater green algal strain of Chlorella vulgaris. Biomed Res Int. 2017:1.
   Google Scholar
• Paglia DE, Valentine WN, Dahlgren JG. 1975. Effects of low-level lead exposure on pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and other erythrocyte enzymes. Possible role of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase in the pathogenesis of lead-induced anemia. J Clin Invest. 56(5):1164–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang Y, Jones MR, Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Vaidya D, Post WS, Kaufman JD, Delaney JA, Navas-Acien A. 2016. Association of geography and ambient air pollution with urine metal concentrations in six US cities: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13:324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patocka J, Cerny K. 2003. Inorganic lead toxicology. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 46(2):65–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patrick L. 2002. Mercury toxicity and antioxidants: part 1: role of glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of mercury toxicity. Altern Med Rev. 7(6):456–471.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Permpongpaiboon T, Nagila A, Pidetcha P, Tuangmungsakulchai K, Tantrarongroj S, Porntadavity S. 2011. Decreased paraoxonase 1 activity and increased oxidative stress in low lead-exposed workers. Hum Exp Toxicol. 30(9):1196–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qayyum S, Ara A, Usmani JA. 2012. Effect of nickel and chromium exposure on buccal cells of electroplaters. Toxicol Ind Health. 28(1):74–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. 2012. Methylglyoxal, glyoxalase 1 and the dicarbonyl proteome. Amino Acids. 42(4):1133–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M. 2002. Arsenic and contamination of drinking-water in Bangladesh: a public-health perspective. J Health Popul Nutr. 20(3):193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman S, Sultana S. 2006. Chemopreventive activity of glycyrrhizin on lead acetate mediated hepatic oxidative stress and its hyperproliferative activity in Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact. 160(1):61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Bajo MJ, de Atauri P, Ortega F, Westerhoff HV, Gelpi JL, Centelles JJ, Cascante M. 2014. Effects of cadmium and mercury on the upper part of skeletal muscle glycolysis in mice. PLoS One. 9(1):e80018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH. 2018. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. J Cell Biochem. 119(1):157–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risher JF, De Rosa CT, Jones DE, Murray HE. 1999. Updated toxicological profile for mercury. Toxicol Ind Health. 15(5):480–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robey RB, Weisz J, Kuemmerle NB, Salzberg AC, Berg A, Brown DG, Kubik L, Palorini R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, et al. 2015. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis? CARCIN. 36 (Suppl 1):S203–S231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg CE, Salibian A, Fink NE. 2002. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring anti-sheep red blood cells antibodies in lead-exposed toads. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 47(2):121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusyniak DE, Arroyo A, Acciani J, Froberg B, Kao L, Furbee B. 2010. Heavy metal poisoning: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS. 100:365–396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A. 2008. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol. 21(1):28–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samadi A, Martinez L. A, Miranda M. A, Morera I. M. 2001. Mechanism of lipid peroxidation photosensitized by tiaprofenic acid: product studies using linoleic acid and 1,4-cyclohexadienes as model substrates. Photochem Photobiol. 73(4):359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutt F, Aretz S, Auffarth GU, Kopitz J. 2012. Moderately reduced ATP levels promote oxidative stress and debilitate autophagic and phagocytic capacities in human RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 53:5354–5361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Kaul D, Singh D. 2015. Arsenic toxi-RNomics has the ability to tailor the host immune response. Exp Mol Pathol. 99(2):360–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi H, Shi X, Liu KJ. 2004. Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 255(1/2):67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi X, Wei X, Koo I, Schmidt RH, Yin X, Kim SH, Vaughn A, McClain CJ, Arteel GE, Zhang X, et al. 2014. Metabolomic analysis of the effects of chronic arsenic exposure in a mouse model of diet-induced Fatty liver disease. J Proteome Res. 13(2):547–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla A, Shukla GS, Srimal RC. 1996. Cadmium-induced alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability and its possible correlation with decreased microvessel antioxidant potential in rat. Hum Exp Toxicol. 15(5):400–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AH, Marshall G, Yuan Y, Ferreccio C, Liaw J, von Ehrenstein O, Steinmaus C, Bates MN, Selvin S. 2006. Increased mortality from lung cancer and bronchiectasis in young adults after exposure to arsenic in utero and in early childhood. Environ Health Perspect. 114(8):1293–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohs SJ, Bagchi D, Hassoun E, Bagchi M. 2001. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 20(2):12–88.
   Google Scholar
• Tariq SR, Shah MH, Shaheen N, Jaffar M, Khalique A. 2008. Statistical source identification of metals in groundwater exposed to industrial contamination. Environ Monit Assess. 138(1–3):159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT. 2005. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem. 12(10):1161–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. 2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 160(1):1–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TS, Hsu TY, Chung CH, Wang AS, Bau DT, Jan KY. 2001. Arsenite induces oxidative DNA adducts and DNA-protein cross-links in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 31(3):321–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Li J, Li J, Liu Z. 2010. Effects of lead and/or cadmium on the oxidative damage of rat kidney cortex mitochondria. Biol Trace Elem Res. 137(1):69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watjen W, Beyersmann D. 2004. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells: influence of oxidative stress. Biometals. 17:65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildemann TM, Siciliano SD, Weber LP. 2016. The mechanisms associated with the development of hypertension after exposure to lead, mercury species or their mixtures differs with the metal and the mixture ratio. Toxicology. 339:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia J, Lu L, Jin C, Wang S, Zhou J, Ni Y, Fu Z, Jin Y. 2018. Effects of short term lead exposure on gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism in adult zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 209:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang K, Ren YB. 2010. Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 11:014105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu HS, Liao WT, Chai CY. 2006. Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. J Biomed Sci. 13(5):657–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Marshall G, Ferreccio C, Steinmaus C, Liaw J, Bates M, Smith AH. 2010. Kidney cancer mortality: fifty-year latency patterns related to arsenic exposure. Epidemiology. 21(1):103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun SW, Hoyer S. 2000. Effects of low-level lead on glycolytic enzymes and pyruvate dehydrogenase of rat brain in vitro: relevance to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease? J Neural Transm. 107(3):355–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HN, Yang LN, Ling JY, Czajkowsky DM, Wang JF, Zhang XW, Zhou YM, Ge F, Yang MK, Xiong Q, et al. 2015. Systematic identification of arsenic-binding proteins reveals that hexokinase-2 is inhibited by arsenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112(49):15084–15089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao F, Malm SW, Hinchman AN, Li H, Beeks CG, Klimecki WT. 2014. Arsenite-induced pseudo-hypoxia results in loss of anchorage-dependent growth in BEAS-2B pulmonary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 9(12):e114549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao F, Severson P, Pacheco S, Futscher BW, Klimecki WT. 2013. Arsenic exposure induces the Warburg effect in cultured human cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 271(1):72–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao CQ, Young MR, Diwan BA, Coogan TP, Waalkes MP. 1997. Association of arsenic-induced malignant transformation with DNA hypomethylation and aberrant gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94(20):10907–10912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z. H, Lei YX, Wang CX. 2012. Analysis of aberrant methylation in DNA repair genes during malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells induced by cadmium. Toxicol Sci. 125(2):412–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar