Menthol additives to tobacco products. Reasons for withdrawing mentholated cigarettes in European Union on 20th may 2020 according to tobacco products directive (2014/40/EU)

References

• Advance Market Analytics. 2020. Menthol cigarettes share, size with historical & forecast trend. [Pune (India)]: AMA; [Accessed 2020 Mar 27]. https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/reports/120255-global-menthol-cigarettes-market
   Google Scholar
• Ahijevych K, Garrett BE. 2004. Menthol pharmacology and its potential impact on cigarette smoking behavior. Nicotine Tob Res. 6(1):S17–S28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahijevych K, Garrett BE. 2010. The role of menthol in cigarettes as a reinforcer of smoking behavior. Nico Tob Res. 12(2):S110–S116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahluwalia JS, Harris KJ, Catley D, Okuyemi KS, Mayo MS. 2002. Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in African Americans: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 288(4):468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besaratinia A, Tommasi S. 2015. The lingering question of menthol in cigarettes. Cancer Causes Control. 26 (2):165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bold KW, Jatlow P, Fucito LM, Eid T, Krishnan-Sarin S, O’Malley S. 2019. Evaluating the effect of switching to non-menthol cigarettes among current menthol smokers: an empirical study of a potential ban of characterising menthol flavour in cigarettes. Tob Cont. [published online ahead of print]. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody AL, Mukhin AG, La Charite J, Ta K, Farahi J, Sugar CA, Mamoun MS, Vellios E, Archie M, Kozman M, et al. 2013. Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in menthol cigarette smokers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 16 (5):957–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. 2019. Menthol and cigarettes smoking and tobacco use CDC. [Atlanta (GA)]: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [Accessed 2020 Mar 27]. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/tobacco_industry/menthol-cigarettes/index.html
   Google Scholar
• CDC Tobacco Free. 2019. Fast facts. [Atlanta (GA)]: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [Accessed 2020 Mar 27]. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chaiton MO, Nicolau I, Schwartz R, Cohen JE, Soule E, Zhang B, Eissenberg T. 2019. Ban on menthol-flavoured tobacco products predicts cigarette cessation at 1 year: a population cohort study. Tob Cont. 29(3):341–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciftci O, Topcu S, Caliskan M, Gullu H, Erdogan D, Yildirim E, Yildirir A, Muderrisoglu H. 2008. Smoking mentholated cigarettes impairs coronary microvascular function as severely as does smoking regular cigarettes. Acta Cardiologica. 63(2):135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn AM, Ganz O, Dennhardt AA, Murphy JG, Ehlke S, Cha S, Graham AL. 2020. Menthol cigarette smoking is associated with greater subjective reward, satisfaction, and “throat hit”, but not greater behavioral economic demand. Addict Behav. 101:106108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn AM, Rose SW, D’Silva J, Villanti AC. 2019. Menthol smoking patterns and smoking perceptions among youth: findings from the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Am J Prev Med. 56(4):e107–e116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EUREST-PLUS Project. 2020. European regulatory science on tobacco: policy implementation to reduce lung diseases. [Luxembourg (Luxembourg)]: European Commission; [Accessed 2020 Jun 6]. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/681109/pl
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and of the Council. 2014. DIRECTIVE 2014/40/EU on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco and related products and repealing Directive 2001/37/EC. [Luxembourg (Luxembourg)]: European Commission; [Accessed 2020 Feb 10]. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014L0040&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• Fagan P, Pokhrel P, Herzog TA, Pagano IS, Franke AA, Clanton MS, Alexander LA, Trinidad DR, Sakuma K-LK, Johnson CA, et al. 2016. Nicotine metabolism in young adult daily menthol and nonmenthol smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 18(4):437–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan L, Balakrishna S, Jabba SV, Bonner PE, Taylor SR, Picciotto MR, Jordt S-E. 2016. Menthol decreases oral nicotine aversion in C57BL/6 mice through a TRPM8-dependent mechanism. Tob Contr. 25(2):ii50–ii54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farco JA, Grundmann O. 2013. Menthol–pharmacology of an important naturally medicinal ‘cool’. Mini Rev Med Chem. 13(1):124–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsalinos KE, Yannovits N, Sarri T, Voudris V, Poulas K. 2018. Nicotine delivery to the aerosol of a heat-not-burn tobacco product: comparison with a tobacco cigarette and E-cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 20(8):1004–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folan P, Abramova R, Fardellone C. 2017. What is menthol? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 196(5):P9–P10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gandhi KK, Foulds J, Steinberg MB, Lu S-E, Williams JM. 2009. Lower quit rates among African American and Latino menthol cigarette smokers at a tobacco treatment clinic. Int J Clin Pract. 63(3):360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner P, Clark PI. 2010. Menthol cigarettes: moving toward a broader definition of harm. Nicotine Tob Res. 12(2):S85–S93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardiner P. 2004. The African Americanization of menthol cigarette use in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Res. 6(1):55–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Global Industry Report. 2020. Menthol cigarette market size, share: global industry report, 2025. [San Fransisco (CA)]: Grand View Research; [Accessed 2020 Mar 27]. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/menthol-cigarette-market
   Google Scholar
• Gordon SM, Brinkman MC, Meng RQ, Anderson GM, Chuang JC, Kroeger RR, Reyes IL, Clark PI. 2011. Effect of cigarette menthol content on mainstream smoke emissions. Chem Res Toxicol. 24(10):1744–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha MA, Smith GJ, Cichocki JA, Fan L, Liu Y-S, Caceres AI, Jordt SE, Morris JB. 2015. Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation and elevates blood cotinine in cigarette smoke exposed mice. PLoS One. 10(2):e0117128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbeć, A, Zatoński, M, Zatoński, W. A, Janik-Koncewicz, K, Mons, U, Fong, G, Quah A, Driezen P, Demjen T, Tounas Y, et al. 2019. Dependence, plans to quit, quitting self-efficacy and past cessation behaviours among menthol and other flavoured cigarette users in Europe: The EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis. 16 (2):19. doi:10.18332/tid/111356
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman AC. 2011. The health effects of menthol cigarettes as compared to non-menthol cigarettes. Tob Induced Dis. 9(1):S7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jao NC, Tan MM, Matthews PA, Simon MA, Schnoll R, Hitsman B. 2020. Menthol cigarettes, tobacco dependence, and smoking persistence: the need to examine enhanced cognitive functioning as a neuropsychological mechanism. Nicotine Tob Res. 22(4):466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaleta D, Polanska K, Bak-Romaniszyn L, Wojtysiak P. 2016. Perceived relative harm of selected cigarettes and non-cigarette tobacco products—a study of young people from a socio-economically disadvantaged rural area in Poland. IJERPH. 13(9):885.
   Google Scholar
• Kamatou GPP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Lawrence BM. 2013. Menthol: a simple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties. Phytochemistry. 96:15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YO, Glantz SA. 2011. Menthol: putting the pieces together. Tobacco Control. 20(2):ii1–ii7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lester JM, Gagosian SY. 2017. Finished with menthol: an evidence-based policy option that will save lives. J Law Med Ethics. 45(1):41–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin A-H, Liu M-H, Ko H-K, Perng D-W, Lee T-S, Kou YR. 2018. Menthol cigarette smoke induces more severe lung inflammation than non-menthol cigarette smoke does in mice with subchronic exposure - role of TRPM8. Front Physiol. 9:1817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin A-H, Liu M-H, Ko H-KB, Perng D-W, Lee T-S, Kou YR. 2017. Inflammatory effects of menthol vs. non-menthol cigarette smoke extract on human lung epithelial cells: a double-hit on TRPM8 by reactive oxygen species and menthol. Front Physiol. 8:263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher S, Birrell M, Bonvini S, Wortley M, Dubuis E, Shala F, Jones V, Flajolet P, Negreskul Y, Britton Z, et al. 2014. P6 menthol has beneficial effects in the airways through a TRPM8-independent mechanism. Thorax. 69(2):A79–A80.
   Google Scholar
• Meernik C, Baker HM, Kowitt SD, Ranney LM, Goldstein AO. 2019. Impact of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use: an updated systematic review. BMJ Open. 9(10):e031598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menthol: facts, stats and regulations. 2020. Washington (DC): Truth Initiative; [Accessed 2020 Jun 22]. https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/traditional-tobacco-products/menthol-facts-stats-and-regulations
   Google Scholar
• Milcarz M, Polańska K, Bak-Romaniszyn L, Kaleta D. 2017. How social care beneficiaries in Poland rate relative harmfulness of various tobacco and nicotine-containing products. IJERPH. 14(9):1029.
   Google Scholar
• Munro HM, Tarone RE, Wang TJ, Blot WJ. 2016. Menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smoking: all-cause deaths, cardiovascular disease deaths, and other causes of death among Blacks and Whites. Circulation. 133(19):1861–1866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray R, Connett J, Skeans M, Tashkin D. 2007. Menthol cigarettes and health risks in lung health study data. Nicotine Tob Res. 9(1):101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscat JE, Chen G, Knipe A, Stellman SD, Lazarus P, Richie JP. 2009. Effects of menthol on tobacco smoke exposure, nicotine dependence, and NNAL glucuronidation. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomark Prevent: A Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res. 18(1):35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Nagai N, Ogata F, Yamaguchi M, Fukuoka Y, Otake H, Nakazawa Y, Kawasaki N. 2019. Combination with l-menthol enhances transdermal penetration of indomethacin solid nanoparticles. IJMS. 20(15):3644.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, Carter LP, Cummings KM. 2012. What would menthol smokers do if menthol in cigarettes were banned? Behavioral intentions and simulated demand: menthol ban, smoker behavior and demand. Addiction. 107 (7):1330–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS, Ebersole-Robinson M, Catley D, Mayo MS, Resnicow K. 2003. Does menthol attenuate the effect of bupropion among African American smokers? Addiction. 98(10):1387–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SJ, Foreman MG, Demeo DL, Bhatt SP, Hansel NN, Wise RA, Soler X, Bowler RP. 2015. Menthol cigarette smoking in the COPDGene cohort: relationship with COPD, comorbidities and CT metrics. Respirology. 20(1):108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschke M, Tkachenko A, Ackermann K, Hutzler C, Henkler F, Luch A. 2017. Activation of the cold-receptor TRPM8 by low levels of menthol in tobacco products. Toxicol Lett. 271:50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger L, Moß J, Hahn H, Hahn J. 2018. Analysis of menthol, menthol-like, and other tobacco flavoring compounds in cigarettes and in electrically heated tobacco products. Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung Int/Contrib Tob Res. 28(2):93–102.
   Google Scholar
• Renner B, Schreiber K. 2012. Olfactory and trigeminal interaction of menthol and nicotine in humans. Exp Brain Res. 219(1):13–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research and Markets. 2020. Global Cigarette Market 2018–2019 & 2024: the market was worth US$888 Billion in 2018 and is projected to reach a value of $1,124 billion by 2024. [Washington (DC)]: PR Newswire; [Accessed 2020 Mar 27]. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-cigarette-market-2018-2019–2024-the-market-was-worth-us-888-billion-in-2018-and-is-projected-to-reach-a-value-of-1-124-billion-by-2024–300797851.html
   Google Scholar
• Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. 2014. Smoking cessation in smokers who smoke menthol and non-menthol cigarettes. Addiction. 109 (12):2107–2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Special Eurobarometer 458. 2020. Attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco and electronic cigarettes – datasets. [Luxembourg (Luxembourg)]: European Commission; [Accessed 2020 Jun 6]. https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2146_87_1_458_ENG
   Google Scholar
• Thompson MF, Poirier GL, Dávila-García MI, Huang W, Tam K, Robidoux M, Dubuke ML, Shaffer SA, Colon-Perez L, Febo M, et al. 2018. Menthol enhances nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and in vivo functional connectivity in adolescence. J Psychopharmacol. 32(3):332–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ton HT, Smart AE, Aguilar BL, Olson TT, Kellar KJ, Ahern GP. 2015. Menthol enhances the desensitization of human α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 88(2):256–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US FDA. 2020. Menthol and Other Flavors in Tobacco Products. [accessed 2020 Jul 23]. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/menthol-and-other-flavors-tobacco-products
   Google Scholar
• Valentine GW, DeVito EE, Jatlow PI, Gueorguieva R, Sofuoglu M. 2018. Acute effects of inhaled menthol on the rewarding effects of intravenous nicotine in smokers. J Psychopharmacol. 32 (9):986–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardavas C, Bécuwe N, Demjén T, Fernández E, McNeill A, Mons U, Tountas Y, Trofor A, Tsatsakis A, Rohde G, et al. 2018. Study protocol of EUREST-PLUS - European Regulatory Science on tobacco: policy implementation to reduce lung disease. Tob Induc Dis. 16(2):A2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson CV, Richter P, de Castro BR, Sosnoff C, Potts J, Clark P, McCraw J, Yan X, Chambers D, Watson C. 2017. Smoking behavior and exposure: results of a menthol cigarette cross-over study. Am J Health Behav. 41(3):309–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werley MS, Coggins CRE, Lee PN. 2007. Possible effects on smokers of cigarette mentholation: a review of the evidence relating to key research questions. Regulatory Toxicol Pharmacol. 47(2):189–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO/Europe. 2019. Tobacco - data and statistics. [Geneva (Switzerland)]: WHO; [Accessed 2019 Nov 19]. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/data-and-statistics
   Google Scholar
• Wickham RJ. 2015. How menthol alters tobacco-smoking behavior: a biological perspective. Yale J Biol Med. 88(3):279–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willis DN, Liu B, Ha MA, Jordt S-E, Morris JB. 2011. Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation responses to multiple cigarette smoke irritants. FASEB J. 25(12):4434–4444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerger VB. 2011. Menthol’s potential effects on nicotine dependence: a tobacco industry perspective. Tob Contr. 20(2):ii29–ii36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zatoński M, Herbeć A, Zatoński W, Przewoźniak K, Janik-Koncewicz K, Mons U, Fong GT, Demjén T, Tountas Y, Trofor AC, et al. 2018. Characterising smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes, their attitudes towards tobacco regulation, and the anticipated impact of the Tobacco Products Directive on their smoking and quitting behaviours: the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis. 16(2):4.
   Google Scholar