REFERENCES
- Schwela, D. 2000. Air pollution and health in urban areas. Rev. Environ. Health 15: 13–42.
- Harrison, R. M., and Yin, J. 2000. Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health? Sci. Total Environ. 17: 85–101.
- Gamble, J. F. 1998. PM2.5 and mortality in long–term prospective cohort studies: cause-effect or statistical associations? Environ. Health Perspect. 106: 535–549.
- Shapiro, S. D. 1999. The macrophage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: alveolar macrophages. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160: S29–S32.
- Driscoll, K. E. 1994. Macrophage inflammatory proteins: biology and role in pulmonary inflammation. Exp. Lung Res. 20: 473–490.
- Lehnert, B. E. 1992. Pulmonary and thoracic macrophage subpopulations and clearance of particles from the lung. Environ. Health Perspect. 97: 17–46.
- Lippmann, M., Yeates, D. B., and Albert, R. E. 1980. Deposition, retention and clearance of inhaled particles. Br. J. Ind. Med. 37: 337–362.
- Benson, J. M., Henderson, R. F., and McClellan, R. O. 1986. Comparative cytotoxicity of four nickel compounds to canine and rodent alveolar macrophages in vitro. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19: 105–110.
- Benson, J. M., Henderson, R. F., and Pickerell, J. A. 1988. Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of nickel oxide and nickel-copper oxides to rat, mouse and dog pulmonary alveolar macrophages. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 24: 373–383.
- Takahashi, S., Yamada, M., Kondo, Y., Sato, H., Furuya, K., and Tanaka, I. 1992. Cytotoxicity of nickel oxide particles in rat alveolar macrophages cultured in vitro. J. Toxicol. Sci. 17: 243–251.
- Yamada, M., Takahashi, S., Sato, H., Kondo, T., Kikuchi, T., and Furuya, K. 1993. Solubitiy to nickel oxide particles in various solutions and rat alveolar macrophages. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 36: 89–98.
- Garrett, N. E., Campbell, J. A., Stack, H. F., Waters, M. D., and Lewtas, J. 1981. The utilization of rabbit alveolar macrophages and Chinese ovary cells for evaluation of the toxicity of particulate materials. II. Particles from coal-related processes. Environ. Res. 24: 366–376.
- Fisher, G. L., and Wilson, F. D. 1980. The effects of coal fly ash and silica inhalation of macrophage function and progenitors. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 27: 513–524.
- Kondo, T., Takahashi, S., Sato, H., Yamada, M., Kikuchi, T., and Furuya, K. 1993. Cytotoxicity of size-density fractionated coal fly ash in rat alveolar macrophages cultured in vitro. Toxicol. In. Vitro 7: 61–67.
- Antonini, J. M., Lawryk, N. J., Murthy, G. G., and Brain, J. D. 1999. Effect of welding fume solubility on lung macrophage viability and function in vitro. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 58: 343–363.
- Mongan, L. C., Jones, T., and Patrick, G. 2000. Cytokine and free radical responses of alveolar macrophages in vitro to asbestos fibres. Cytokine 12: 1243–1247.
- Hamilton, R. F., Iyer, L. L., and Holian, A. 1996. Asbestos induces apoptosis in human alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 271: 813–819.
- Oberdorster, G. 1994. Macrophage-associated responses to chrysotile. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38: 601–615.
- Kubota, Y., Takahashi, S., and Sato, H. 1994. Effect of γ irradiation on the function and viability of alveolar macrophages in mouse and rat. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65: 335–344.
- Kubota, Y., Takahashi, S., Takahashi, I., and Patrick, G. 2000. Different cytotoxic response to gadolinium between mouse and rat alveolar macrophages. Toxicol. In Vitro 14: 309–319.
- Okinaga, K., Takahashi, S., Tsugoshi, T., Kudo, Y., Furuya, K., and Arai, Y. 1999. Characterization of suspended particulate matter in the air in subway and corresponding above-ground areas. J. Jpn. Soc. Atomos. Environ. 35: 12–20.
- Takahashi, S., Yamada, Y., Esaka, F., Nakamoto, R., and Furuya, K. 1995. Size distribution of suspended particulate matter in underground and above-ground air and their deposition ratios in human respiratory tract. Jpn. J. Atom. Environ. 30: 391–397.