1,533
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

They See Dead People (Voting): Correcting Misperceptions about Voter Fraud in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

&

References

  • Aday, Sean. 2010. “Chasing the Bad News: An Analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan War Coverage on NBC and Fox News Channel.” Journal of Communication 60 (1):144–64.
  • Alba, R., R. G. Rumbaut, and K. Marotz. 2005. “A Distorted Nation: Perceptions of Racial/Ethnic Group Sizes and Attitudes toward Immigrants and Other Minorities.” Social Forces 84 (2):901–19.
  • Amazeen, Michelle A. 2016. “Checking the Fact-Checkers in 2008: Predicting Political Ad Scrutiny and Assessing Consistency.” Journal of Political Marketing 15 (4):433–64.
  • Arceneaux, Kevin, and Martin Johnson. 2013. Changing Minds or Changing Channels? Partisan News in an Age of Choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Aronow, Peter M., and Benjamin T. Miller. 2016. “Policy Misperceptions and Support for Gun Control Legislation.” The Lancet 387 (10015):223.
  • Barnes, Tiffany D., and Emily Beaulieu. 2014. “Gender Stereotypes and Corruption: How Candidates Affect Perceptions of Election Fraud.” Politics & Gender 10 (03):365–91.
  • Bartels, Larry M. 1996. “Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (1):194–230.
  • Bartels, Larry M. 2002. “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions.” Political Behavior 24:117–50.
  • Baum, Matthew A., and Tim Groeling. 2008. “New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse.” Political Communication 25 (4):345–65.
  • Beaulieu, Emily. 2014. “From Voter ID to Party ID: How Political Parties Affect Perceptions of Election Fraud in the U.S.” Electoral Studies 35 (September):24–32.
  • Beaulieu, Emily. 2016. “Electronic Voting and Perceptions of Election Fraud and Fairness.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 3 (01):18–31.
  • Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, Hal Roberts, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2017. “Breitbart-led Right-wing Media Ecosystem Altered Broader Media Agenda.” Columbia Journalism Review. http://www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php.
  • Berinsky, Adam J. 2017. “Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation.” British Journal of Political Science 47 (02):241–62.
  • Berinsky, Adam J., Gregory A. Huber, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2012. “Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk.” Political Analysis 20 (03):351–68.
  • Buhrmester, Michael, Tracy Kwang, and Samuel D. Gosling. 2011. “Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?” Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science 6 (1):3–5.
  • Cacciatore, Michael A., Sara K. Yeo, Dietram A. Scheufele, Michael A. Xenos, Doo-Hun Choi, Dominique Brossard, Amy B. Becker, and Elizabeth A. Corley. 2014. “Misperceptions in Polarized Politics: The Role of Knowledge, Religiosity, and Media.” PS: Political Science & Politics 47 (03):654–61.
  • Calvert, Randall L. 1985. “The Value of Biased Information: A Rational Choice Model of Political Advice.” The Journal of Politics 47 (2):530–55.
  • Cobb, Michael D., Brendan Nyhan, and Jason Reifler. 2013. “Beliefs Don’t Always Persevere: How Political Figures Are Punished When Positive Information about Them Is Discredited.” Political Psychology 34 (3):307–26.
  • Coe, Kevin, David Tewksbury, Bradley J. Bond, Kristin L. Drogos, Robert W. Porter, Ashley Yahn, and Yuanyuan Zhang. 2008. “Hostile News: Partisan Use and Perceptions of Cable News Programming.” Journal of Communication 58 (2):201–19.
  • Dancey, Logan, and Geoffrey Sheagley. 2013. “Heuristics Behaving Badly: Party Cues and Voter Knowledge.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (2):312–25.
  • Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
  • DiMaggio, Anthony R. 2015. Selling War, Selling Hope: Presidential Rhetoric, the News Media, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
  • Ecker, Ullrich K. H., Stephan Lewandowsky, Briony Swire, and Darren Chang. 2011. “Correcting False Information in Memory: Manipulating the Strength of Misinformation Encoding and Its Retraction.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 18 (3):570–8.
  • Farley, Robert. October 19, 2016. “Trump’s Bogus Voter Fraud Claims,” FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/2016/10/trumps-bogus-voter-fraud-claims/
  • Feldman, Bob. 2007. “Report from the Field: Left Media and Left Think Tanks – Foundation-Managed Protest?” Critical Sociology 33 (3):427–46.
  • Feldman, Lauren. 2011. “The Opinion Factor: The Effects of Opinionated News on Information Processing and Attitude Change.” Political Communication 28 (2):163–81.
  • Feldman, Lauren, Edward W. Maibach, Connie Roser-Renouf, and Anthony Leiserowitz. 2012. “Climate on Cable: The Nature and Impact of Global Warming Coverage on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC.” International Journal of Press/Politics 17 (1):3–31.
  • Fessler, Daniel M. T., Anne C. Pisor, and Colin Holbrook. in press. “Political Orientation Predicts Credulity regarding Putative Hazards.” Psychological Science 28 (5):651–660.
  • Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Festinger, Leon, Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter. 2008/1956. When Prophecy Fails. Minnesota: Pinter & Martin Ltd (2008)/University of Minnesota Press (1956).
  • Flynn, D. J., Brendan Nyhan, and Jason Reifler. 2017. “The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs about Politics.” Advances in Political Psychology 38:127–50.
  • Freed, G. L., S. J. Clark, A. T. Butchart, D. C. Singer, and M. M. Davis. 2010. “Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns in 2009.” Pediatrics 125 (4):654–9.
  • Fridkin, Kim, Patrick J. Kenney, and Amanda Wintersieck. 2015. “Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire: How Fact-Checking Influences Citizens’ Reactions to Negative Advertising.” Political Communication 32 (1):127–51.
  • Gaines, Brian J., James H. Kuklinski, Paul J. Quirk, Buddy Peyton, and Jay Verkuilen. 2007. “Same Facts, Different Interpretations: Partisan Motivation and Opinion on Iraq.” Journal of Politics 69 (4):957–74.
  • Garrett, R. Kelly, Erik C. Nisbet, and Emily K. Lynch. 2013. “Undermining the Corrective Effects of Media-Based Political Fact Checking? The Role of Contextual Cues and Naïve Theory.” Journal of Communication 63 (4):617–37.
  • Garrett, R. Kelly, and Brian E. Weeks. 2013. “The Promise and Peril of Real-Time Corrections to Political Misperceptions.” The Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, San Antonio, TX, February 23–27, 2013.
  • Gilens, Martin. 2000. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Gilens, Martin. 2001. “Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences.” American Political Science Review 95 (02):379–96.
  • Goodwin, Matthew, and Miazzo Caitlin. 2015. UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gottfried, Jeffrey A., Bruce W. Hardy, Kenneth M. Winneg, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 2013. “Did Fact Checking Matter in the 2012 Presidential Campaign?” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (11):1558–67.
  • Graves, Lucas. 2016. Deciding What’s True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Green, Donald, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Greene, Steven. 1999. “Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach.” Political Psychology 20 (2):393–403.
  • Hart, William, Dolores Albarracin, Alice H. Eagly, Inge Brechan, Matthew J. Lindberg, and Lisa Merrill. 2009. “Feeling Validated versus Being Correct: A Meta-Analysis of Selective Exposure to Information.” Psychological Bulletin 135 (4):555–88.
  • Hartman, Todd K., and Adam J. Newmark. 2012. “Motivated Reasoning, Political Sophistication, and Associations between President Obama and Islam.” PS: Political Science & Politics 45 (03):449–55.
  • Hetherington, Marc J. 2001. “Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization.” American Political Science Review 95 (03):619–31.
  • Hochschild, Jennifer, and K. L. Einstein. 2015. Do Facts Matter? Information and Misinformation in American Politics. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Hollander, Barry A. 2010. “Persistence in the Perception of Barack Obama as a Muslim in the 2008 President Campaign.” Journal of Media and Religion 9 (2):55–66.
  • Holtz-Bacha, Christina, and Bengt Johansson. 2014. “Through the Party Lens: How Citizens Evaluate TV Electoral Spots.” Journal of Political Marketing 13 (4):291–306.
  • Hopkins, David J., and Jonathan M. Ladd. 2014. “The Consequences of Broader Media Choice: Evidence from the Expansion of Fox News.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 9 (1):115–35.
  • Horton, John J., David G. Rand, and Richard J. Zeckhauser. 2011. “The Online Laboratory: Conducting Experiments in a Real Labor Market.” Experimental Economics 14 (3):399–425.
  • Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G. 2010. “Demographics of Mechanical Turk.” http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/29585.
  • Iyengar, Shanto, and Kyu S. Hahn. 2009. “Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use.” Journal of Communication 59:19–39.
  • Iyengar, Shanto, Kyu S. Hahn, Jon A. Krosnick, and John Walker. 2008. “Selective Exposure to Campaign Communication: The Role of Anticipated Agreement and Issue Public Membership.” Journal of Politics 70 (1):186–200.
  • Jerit, J., and J. Barabas. 2006. “Bankrupt Rhetoric: How Misleading Information Affects Knowledge about Social Security.” Public Opinion Quarterly 70 (3):278–303.
  • Jost, John T., Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Frank J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (3):339–75.
  • Klar, Samara, and Yanna Krupnikov. 2016. Independent Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Krosnick, Jon A., and Bo MacInnis. 2010. “Frequent Views of Fox News Are Less Likely to Accept Scientists’ Views of Global Warming.” Report for the Woods Institute for the Environment. https://woods.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/files/Global-Warming-Fox-News.pdf.
  • Kuklinski, James, Paul Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder, and Robert Rich. 2000. “Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship.” Journal of Politics 62 (3):790–816.
  • Kuklinski, James, Paul Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder, and Robert Rich. 1998. “‘Just The Facts, Ma’am’: Political Facts and Public Opinion.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 560:143–54.
  • Kull, Steven, Clay Ramsay, and Evan Lewis. 2003–2004. “Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War.” Political Science Quarterly 118 (4):569–98.
  • Kunda, Ziva. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (3):480–98.
  • Ladd, Jonathan McDonald. 2010. “The Role of Media Distrust in Partisan Voting.” Political Behavior 32 (4):567–85.
  • Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science 45 (4):951–71.
  • Layman, Geoffrey C., Kerem Ozan Kalkan, and John C. Green. 2014. “A Muslim President? Misperceptions of Barack Obama’s Faith in the 2008 Presidential Campaign.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 53 (3):534–55.
  • Layman, Geoffrey C., Thomas M. Carsey, and Juliana Menasce Horowitz. 2006. “Party Polarization in American Politics: Characteristics, Causes and Consequences.” Annual Review of Political Science 9 (1):83–110.
  • Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Colleen M. Seifert, Norbert Schwarz, and John Cook. 2012. “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest: a Journal of the American Psychological Society 13 (3):106–31.
  • Lichterman, Joseph. 2016. “After Trump’s Win, News Organizations See a Bump in Subscriptions and Donations.” Nieman Lab. November 14. http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/11/after-trumps-election-news-organizations-see-a-bump-in-subscriptions-and-donations/.
  • Lodge, Milton, and Ruth Hamill. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” American Political Science Review 80 (02):505–19.
  • Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology 26 (3):455–82.
  • Lord, Charles, Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper. 1979. “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (11):2098–109.
  • McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap. 2011. “The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming, 2001-2010.” The Sociological Quarterly 52 (2):155–94.
  • Meirick, Patrick C. 2012. “Motivated Misperception? Party, Education, Partisan News, and Belief in ‘Death Panels.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 90 (1):39–57.
  • Morris, Jonathan S., and Peter L. Francia. 2010. “Cable News, Public Opinion, and the 2004 Party Conventions.” Political Research Quarterly 63 (4):834–49.
  • Nir, Lilach. 2011. “Motivated Reasoning and Public Opinion Perception.” Public Opinion Quarterly 75 (3):504–32.
  • Nyhan, Brendan. 2010. “Why the ‘Death Panel’ Myth Wouldn’t Die: Misinformation in the Health Care Reform Debate.” The Forum 8 (1): 1–24. Article 5.
  • Nyhan, Brendan, Jason Reifler, and P. A. Ubel. 2013. “The Hazards of Correcting Myths about Health Care Reform.” Medical Care 51 (2):127–32.
  • Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2012. “Misinformation and Fact-Checking: Research Findings from Social Science.” Research Paper, Media Policy Initiative, New America Foundation.
  • Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2010. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.” Political Behavior 32 (2):303–30.
  • Oxley, Zoe M. 2012. “More Sources, Better Informed Public? New Media and Political Knowledge.” In iPolitics: Citizens, Elections, and Governing in the New Media Era, edited by Richard L. Fox and Jennifer M. Ramos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Paolacci, Gabriele, Jesse, Chandler Panagiotis, and G. Ipeirotis. 2010. “Running Experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk.” Judgment and Decision Making 5 (5):411–9.
  • Pasek, Josh, Gaurav Sood, and Jon A. Krosnick. 2015. “Misinformed about the Affordable Care Act? Leveraging Certainty to Assess the Prevalence of Misperceptions.” Journal of Communication 65 (4):660–73.
  • Polikoff, Morgan S., Tenice Hardaway, Julie A. Marsh, and David N. Plank. 2016. “Who Is Opposed to Common Core and Why?” Educational Researcher 45 (4):263–6.
  • Price, Vincent, and Mei-Ling Hsu. 1992. “Public Opinion about AIDS Policies: The Role of Misinformation and Attitudes towards Homosexuals.” Public Opinion Quarterly 56 (1):29–52.
  • Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Przybyszewski, Krzysztof. 2004. “Cognitive Consequences of Political Loyalty.” Journal of Political Marketing 3 (2):47–67.
  • Redlawsk, David P. 2002. “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making.” The Journal of Politics 64 (4):1021–44.
  • Redlawsk, David P., Andrew J. W. Civettini, and Karen M. Emmerson. 2010. “The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’?” Political Psychology 31 (4):563–93.
  • Richey, Sean, and Ben Taylor. 2014. “How Representative Are Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers?” The Monkey Cage. Accessed June 3. http://themonkeycage.org/2012/12/19/how-representative-are-amazon-mechanical-turk-workers/.
  • Richman, Jesse T., Gulshan A. Chattha, and David C. Earnest. 2014. “Do Non-Citizens Vote in U.S. Elections?” Electoral Studies 36:149–57.
  • Schaffner, Brian F., and Samantha Luks. January 25, 2017. “This Is What Trump Voters Said When Asked to Compare His Inauguration Crowd with Obama’s.” The Monkey Cage/Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/01/25/we-asked-people-which-inauguration-crowd-was-bigger-heres-what-they-said/?utm_term=.cec176901a7d.
  • Schaffner, Brian F., and Cameron Roche. 2017. “Misinformation and Motivated Reasoning: Responses to Economic News in a Politicized Environment.” Public Opinion Quarterly 81:86–110.
  • Sharockman, Aaron. June 29, 2016. “The Truth (So Far) Behind the 2016 Campaign,” http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/jun/29/fact-checking-2016-clinton-trump/
  • Slemrod, Joel. 2006. “The Role of Misconceptions in Support for Regressive Tax Reform.” National Tax Journal 59 (1):57–75.
  • Stroud, Natalie J. 2011. Niche News: The Politics of News Choice. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stroud, Natalie J. 2008. “Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure.” Political Behavior 30 (3):341–66.
  • Taber Charles, S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50:755–69.
  • Taber Charles, S., and Milton Lodge. 2013. The Rationalizing Voter. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Taber Charles, S., Damon Cann, and Simona Kucsova. 2009. “The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments.” Political Behavior 31:137–55.
  • Thorson, Emily. 2016. “Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation.” Political Communication 33 (3):460–80.
  • Uscinski, Joseph E., and Ryden W. Butler. 2013. “The Epistemology of Fact Checking.” Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society 25 (2):162–80.
  • Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. “Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet.” Political Psychology 29 (2):247–73.
  • van der Linden, Sander, Anthony Leiserowitz, Seth Rosenthal, and Edward Maibach. 2017. “Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change.” Global Challenges 1:1–7.
  • Weeks, Brian E. 2015. “Emotions, Partisanship, and Misperceptions: How Anger and Anxiety Moderate the Effect of Partisan Bias on Susceptibility to Political Misinformation.” Journal of Communication 65 (4):699–719.
  • Weeks, B. E., and R. K. Garrett. 2014. “Electoral Consequences of Political Rumors: Motivated Reasoning, Candidate Rumors, and Vote Choice during the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 26 (4):401–22.
  • Wintersieck, Amanda L. 2017. “Debating the Truth: The Impact of Fact-Checking during Electoral Debates.” American Politics Research 45 (2):304–31.
  • Wojcieszak, Magdalena, Bruce Bimber, Lauren Feldman, and Natalie Jomini Stroud. 2016. “Partisan News and Political Participation: Exploring Mediated Relationships.” Political Communication 33 (2):241–60.
  • Wood, Thomas and Ethan Porter. 2016. “The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence.” Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2819073.
  • Zorn, Eric. January 5, 2017. “Polls Reveal Sobering Extent of Nation’s Fact Crisis.” Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/zorn/ct-polling-ignorance-facts-trump-zorn-perspec-0106-md-20170105-column.html

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.