References
- Adams, William C. 1987. “As New Hampshire Goes…” In Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby (eds.), Media and Momentum: The New Hampshire Primary and Nomination Politics, 42–59. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
- Alba, Monica. 2016. “Hillary Clinton Gambles in Choosing Small Events Over Huge Rallies.” NBC News, May 17. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/hillary-clinton-gambles-choosing-small-events-over-huge-rallies-n575311.
- Aldrich, John H. 1980. Before the Convention: Strategies and Choices in Presidential Nomination Campaigns. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Aldrich, John H. 1993. “Rational Choice and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (1):246–78. doi:10.2307/2111531.
- Anderson, Christopher L. 2013. “Which Party Elites Choose to Lead the Nomination Process?” Political Research Quarterly 66 (1):61–76. doi:10.1177/1065912911430669.
- Arterton, F. Christopher. 1978. “The Media Politics of Presidential Campaigns: A Study of the Carter Nomination Drive.” In James David Barber (ed.), Race for the Presidency: The Media and the Nominating Process, 25–54. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Barker, David C. 2005. “Values, Frames, and Persuasion in Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” Political Behavior 27 (4):375–94. doi:10.1007/s11109-005-8145-4.
- Bartels, Larry M. 1985. “Expectations and Preferences in Presidential Nominating Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 79 (03):804–15. doi:10.2307/1956845.
- Bartels, Larry M. 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Bartels, Larry M. 1993. “Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure.” American Political Science Review 87 (2):267–85. doi:10.2307/2939040.
- Byrnes, Timothy A. “Relevant No More? The Catholic/Protestant Divide in American Electoral Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (02): 367–68. doi:10.1017/S1537592704390973.
- Bycoffe, Aaron. 2016. “The Endorsement Primary.” FiveThirtyEight. June 7. https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-endorsement-primary/.
- Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Casselman, Ben. 2015. “The Big Issues of the 2016 Campaign: The Economy.” FiveThirtyEight, November 19. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/year-ahead-project/#part1.
- Cohen, Marty, D. Karol, H. Noel, and J. Zaller. 2008. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations before and after Reform. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
- Crouse, Timothy. 1972. The Boys on the Bus: Riding with the Campaign Press Corps. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
- Hillary Clinton Campaign Rally in Detroit. C-SPAN, Washington, D.C. 10 Oct. 2016. https://www.c-span.org/video/?416681-1/hillary-clinton-campaigns-detroit-michigan.
- Damore, David F, Thomas G. Hansford, and A. J. Barghothi. 2010. “Explaining the Decision to Withdraw from a U.S. Presidential Nomination Campaign.” Political Behavior 32 (2):157–80. doi:10.1007/s11109-009-9098-9.
- Dillon, Liam. 2016. “Bernie Sanders Fires Up Crowd at Davis Rally.” LA Times, June 30. http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-essential-politics-bernie-sanders-fires-up-crowd-1464842476-htmlstory.html.
- Domke, David and Kevin Coe. 2010. The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Dowdle, Andrew J, Randall E. Adkins, and Wayne P. Steger. 2009. “The Viability Primary: Modeling Candidate Support before the Primaries.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (1):77–91. doi:10.1177/1065912908317032.
- Dutton, Sarah, DePinto Jennifer, and Backus Fred. 2016. “Who’s Voting in the Democratic Primaries?” CBS News, May 17. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-primary-electorate-key-findings-from-the-exit-polls/.
- Fiorina, Morris, Samuel Abrams, J. Jeremy, and C. Pope. 2001. 1. Culture War? the Myth of a Polarized America. New York, NY: Pearson Longman.
- Freeman, Danny. 2016. “Sanders Campaigh Claims Record-Breaking Crowd at New York Rally.” NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/sanders-campaign-claims-record-breaking-crowd-new-york-rally-n557421.
- Gallup. 2016. “Most Important Problem.” Washington, D.C.: Gallup.
- Gass, Nick. 2015. “Sanders: We Will Not Turn Our Backs on Syrian Refugees.” Politico, November 17. https://www.politico.com/story/2015/11/bernie-sanders-syria-refugees-215967.
- Glueck, Katie. 2016a. “They Can’t Stand Cruz, but They’re Voting for Him Anyway.” Politico, March 31. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/wisconsin-paul-ryan-ted-cruz-221337.
- Glueck, Katie. 2016b. “Cruz Seizes on Trump’s Struggles with Women.” Politico, April 4. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/04/women-donald-trump-ted-cruz-wisconsin-221515.
- Grush, Joseph E. 1980. “Impact of Candidate Expenditures, Regionality, and Prior Outcomes on the 1976 Democratic Presidential Primaries.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (2):337–47. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.2.337.
- Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1993a. “Candidate Behavior in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: A Dynamic Model.” The Journal of Politics 55 (1):115–39. doi:10.2307/2132231.
- Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1993b. “Primaries versus Caucuses: Strategic Considerations of Presidential Candidates.” Social Science Quarterly (University of Texas Press) 74 (2):310–21. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.daemen.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=f62475d0-0e7a-4e54-90fe-0c6857938ee7%40sessionmgr4009.
- Haynes, Audrey, and Julianne Flowers. 2002. “News Norms and the Strategic Timing and Content of Candidate Messages.” Journal of Political Marketing 1 (4):1–21. DOI: 10.1300/J199v01n04_01.
- Haynes, Audrey A., and Sarah G. Murray. 1998. “Why Do the News Media Cover Certain Candidates More than Others? The Antecedents of State and National News Coverage in the 1992 presidential nomination campaign.” American Politics Quarterly 26 (4):420. 1992 Presidential Nomination Campaign. 38. http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.daemen.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA21200731&docType=Article&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=AONE&contentSet=GALE%7CA21200731&searchId=R2&userGroupName=nysl_we_daemenc&inPS=true.
- Herr, J. P. 2002. “The Impact of Campaign Appearances in the 1996 Election.” The Journal of Politics 64 (3):904–13. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.daemen.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=c7cee7c7-9b9f-4c1e-98b6-41bc1e30cd73%40sessionmgr4006.
- Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Simon Jackman. 2003. “Voter Decision Making in Election 2000: Campaign Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (4):583–96. DOI: 10.2307/3186120.
- Holbrook, Thomas M. 1996. Do Campaigns Matter?. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Holloway, Kali. 2016. “Majority of Americans Believe Sanders Is the Only Compassionate and Likable Candidate.” Alternet, April 13. https://www.alternet.org/election-2016/majority-americans-believe-sanders-only-compassionate-and-likable-candidate.
- Huckfeldt, Robert, and John Sprague. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Huddy, Leonie, Lilliana, Mason, and Lene Aaroe. 2015. “Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity.” American Political Science Review 109 (1):1–17. doi:10.1017/S0003055414000604.
- Ifill, Gwen. 2015. “Sanders: Turning Our Backs on Refugees Destroys the Idea of America.” Interview. PBS Newshour. New York, NY: PBS.
- Jackman, Simon, and Lynn Vavreck. 2010. “Primary Politics: Race, Gender, and Age in the 2008 Democratic Party.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 20 (2):153. DOI: 10.1080/17457281003697156.
- Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2001. Everything You Think You Know about Politics…and Why You’re Wrong. New York, NY: Basic Books.
- Jerit, Jennifer, Jason Barabas, and Toby Bolsen. 2006. “Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2):266–82. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00183.x.
- Johnston, Richard, Michael Hagen, G. Kathleen, and Hall Jamieson. 2004. The 2000 Presidential Election and the Foundations of Party Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Jones, Jeffrey. 1998. “Does Bringing out the Candidate Bring out the Votes? The Effects of Nominee Campaigning in Presidential Elections.” American Politics Quarterly 26 (4):395–419. http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.daemen.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA21200730&docType=Article&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=AONE&contentSet=GALE%7CA21200730&searchId=R4&userGroupName=nysl_we_daemenc&inPS=true.
- Kellstedt, Lyman. 2007. “Faith Transformed: Religion and American Politics from FDR to George W. Bush.” In Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the Present, 269–95. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Kenney, Patrick J. 1993. “An Examination of How Voters Form Impressions of Candidates’ Issue Positions during the Nomination Campaign.” Political Behavior 15 (3):265–88. doi:10.1007/BF00993438.
- Kenney, Patrick J, and Tom W. Rice. 1985. “Voter Turnout in Presidential Primaries: A Cross-Sectional Examination.” Political Behavior 7 (1):101–12. doi:10.1007/s11127-014-0185-z.
- Kenney, Patrick J, and Tom W. Rice. 1994. “The Psychology of Political Momentum.” Political Research Quarterly 47 (4):923–38. doi:10.1177/106591299404700409.
- Kerr, Jennifer. 2016. “Trump Overwhelmingly Leads Rivals in Support from Less Educated Americans.” PBS Newshour. Washington, DC: PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-overwhelmingly-leads-rivals-in-support-from-less-educated-americans.
- Kousser, Thad, Scott Lucas, Seth Masket, and Eric McGhee. 2015. “Kingmakers or Cheerleaders? Party Power and the Causal Effects of Endorsements.” Political Research Quarterly 68 (3):443–56. doi:10.1177/1065912915595882.
- Landers, Elizabeth. 2016. “Bernie Sanders Draws ‘Record’ Crowd in Prospect Park.” CNN Politics, https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/18/politics/bernie-sanders-new-york-prospect-park-crowd/index.html.
- Lazarsfeld, Paul, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The People’s Choice. First. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Lee, M. J. 2016. “Donald Trump Takes N.H. by Storm.” CNN Politics, February 5. https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/04/politics/donald-trump-new-hampshire-2016/index.html.
- Leichtman Research Group. 2016. “81% of U.S. Households Have a DVR, Netflix or Use VOD.” Durham, NH. https://www.leichtmanresearch.com/81-of-u-s-households-have-a-dvr-netflix-or-use-vod/
- Lichter, S. Robert, Daniel Amundson, and Richard Noyes. 1988. The Video Campaign: Network Coverage of the 1988 Primaries. Washington, DC: The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
- Marshall, Thomas R. 1983. “Evaluating Presidential Nominees: Opinion Polls, Issues, and Personalities.” The Western Political Quarterly 36 (4):650–9. doi:10.2307/448591.
- Mayer, William G. 1987. “The New Hampshire Primary: A Historical Overview.” In Garry R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby (ed.), Media and Momentum: The New Hampshire Primary and Nomination Politics, 9–41. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
- McClurg, Scott D, and Thomas M. Holbrook. 2009. “Living in a Battleground: Presidential Campaigns and Fundamental Predictors of Vote Choice.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (3):495–506. doi:10.1177/1065912908319575.
- Munguia, Hayley. 2015. “The Big Issues of the 2016 Campaign.” FiveThirtyEight, November 19. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/year-ahead-project/.
- Norrander, Barbara. 1993. “Nomination Choices: Caucus and Primary Outcomes, 1976.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (2):343. 1988. 364. doi:10.2307/2111376.
- Norrander, Barbara. 1996. “Presidential Nomination Politics in the Post-Reform Era.” Political Research Quarterly 49 (4):875–915. doi:10.1177/106591299604900411.
- Norrander, Barbara. 2000. “The End Game in Post-Reform Presidential Nominations.” The Journal of Politics 62 (4):999–1013. https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.daemen.edu/stable/pdf/2647862.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9d443ce344627b034de5f4d8e60aed95.
- Norrander, Barbara. 2006. “The Attrition Game: Initial Resources, Initial Contests and the Exit of Candidates during the US Presidential Primary Season.” British Journal of Political Science 36(3):487–507. doi:10.1017/S0007123406000251.
- O’Keefe, Ed., and John Wagner. 2015. “100,000 People Have Come to Recent Bernie Sanders Rallies. How Does He Do It?” The Washington Post, August 11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-does-bernie-sanders-draw-huge-crowds-to-see-him/2015/08/11/4ae018f8-3fde-11e5-8d45-d815146f81fa_story.html?utm_term=.1090bb73d8a8.
- Parent, T. Wayne, Calvin C. Jillson, and Ronald E. Weber. 1987. “Voting Outcomes in the 1984 Democratic Party Primaries and Caucuses.” American Political Science Review 81 (1):67. doi:10.2307/1960779.
- Pew Research Center. 2016. “Top Voting Issues in 2016 Election.” Pew Research Center. http://www.people-press.org/2016/07/07/4-top-voting-issues-in-2016-election/.
- Popkin, Samuel, L. 1994. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Purcell, Amanda, and Barry John. 2016. “As the Crowd Roared, Bernie Sanders Slammed Opponents and Praised FDR.” Poughkeepsie Journal, April 12. https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2016/04/12/excitement-grows-lineforms-sanders-rally/82928530/.
- Rapoport, Ronald B., Walter J. Stone, and Alan I. Abramowitz. 1991. “Do Endorsements Matter? Group Influence in the 1984 Democratic Caucuses.” The American Political Science Review 85 (1):193–203. DOI: 10.2307/1962885.
- Ridout, Travis, N. 2004. “Campaign Advertising Strategies in the 2000 Presidential Nominations: The Case of Al, George, Bill, and John.” In Kenneth M. Goldstein and Patricia Strach (eds.), The Medium and the Message: Television Advertising and American Elections, Real Politics in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc 164.
- Ridout, Travis, N. 2008. “Television Advertising During the Presidential Nomination Season.” In William G. Mayer (ed.), The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2008. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- Schleiffer, Theodore, and Gray Noah. 2015. “Rally.” CNN Politics.” 21:“30–000. Turn Out for Trump’s Alabama Pep August
- Schreckinger, Ben. 2015. “How Bernie Sanders Makes His Mega-Rallies.” Politico, August 19. https://www.politico.com/story/2015/08/bernie-sanders-rallies-2016-grassroots-support-121512.
- Shaw, Daron R. 1999. “The Effect of TV Ads and Candidate Appearances on Statewide Presidential Votes, 1988–96.” The American Political Science Review 93 (02):345–61. DOI: 10.2307/2585400.
- Shaw, Daron R., and Brian E. Roberts. 2000. “Campaign Events, the Media and the Prospects of Victory: The 1992 and 1996 US Presidential Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 30 (2):259–89. https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.daemen.edu/stable/pdf/194275.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A8fc7822d10e4cf1c47cebc6db63cd8fd.
- Shepard, Lawrence. 1977. “Does Campaign Spending Really Matter? The Public Opinion Quarterly 41 (2):196–205. doi:10.1086/268374.
- Steger, Wayne P. 2007. “Who Wins Nominations and Why? an Updated Forecast of the Presidential Primary Vote.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (1):91–9. doi:10.1177/1065912906298597.
- Thomas, Scott J. 1989. “Do Incumbent Campaign Expenditures Matter?” The Journal of Politics 51 (4):965–76. doi:10.2307/2131543.
- Wagner, John. 2016. “Bernie Sanders’s Big Crowds in California, by the Numbers.” The Washington Post, June 7. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/07/bernie-sanderss-big-crowds-in-california-by-the-numbers/?utm_term=.28fa03a27af7.
- Wendland, Jay. 2017. Campaigns That Matter: The Importance of Campaign Visits in Presidential Nominating Contests. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Wuthnow, Robert. 1988. The Restructuring of American Religion: Society and Faith since World War II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Zeleny, Jeff. 2015. “Clinton and Sanders = Lecture vs. Rock Concert.” CNN Politics, October 13. https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/10/politics/bernie-sanders-hillary-clinton-event-comparison/index.html.
- Zezima, Katie. 2016. “Seven Things I Learned Attending Ted Cruz Events.” The Washington Post, January 4. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/01/04/seven-things-i-learned-attending-ted-cruz-events/?utm_term=.9037a7d9a43e.
- Zitner, Aaron, Chinni Dante, and McGill Brian. 2016. “How Hillary Clinon Overcame the Challenge from Sen. Bernie Sanders.” Wall Street Journal, June 7. http://graphics.wsj.com/elections/2016/how-clinton-won/.
- Zubak-Skees, Chris. 2016. “Tracking TV Ads in the 2016 Presidential Race.” Center for Public Integrity. January 21. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/01/21/19164/tracking-tv-ads-2016-presidential-race.