Enhancing On-Task Behavior in Fourth-Grade Students Using a Modified Color Wheel System

REFERENCES

• Algozzine , K. and Algozzine , B. 2007 . Classroom instructional ecology and school-wide positive behavior support . Journal of Applied School Psychology , 24 ( 1 ) : 29 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Antil , L. R. , Jenkins , J. R. , Wayne , S. K. and Vadasy , P. F. 1998 . Cooperative learning: Prevalence, conceptualizations, and the relation between research and practice . American Educational Research Journal , 35 : 419 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Below , J. L. , Skinner , A. L. , Skinner , C. H. , Sorrell , C. A. and Irwin , A. 2008 . Decreasing out-of-seat behavior in a kindergarten classroom: Supplementing the color wheel with interdependent group-oriented rewards . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 9 : 33 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Blick , D. and Test , D. 1987 . Effects of self-recording on high school students’ on-task behavior . Learning Disability Quarterly , 10 : 203 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boostrom , R. 1991 . The nature and functions of classroom rules . Curriculum Inquiry , 21 : 193 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck , G. H. 1999 . Smoothing the rough edges of classroom transitions . Intervention in School and Clinic , 34 : 224 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. T. and Stanley , J. C. 1966 . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research , Chicago , IL : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Carta , J. J. , Atwater , J. B. , Schwartz , I. S. and Miller , P. A. 1990 . Applications of ecobehavioral analysis in study of transitions across early education settings . Education and Treatment of Children , 13 : 298 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Centennial School . 1986 . Centennial school training manual , Bethlehem, PA , , USA : Unpublished manuscript, Lehigh University .
   Google Scholar
• Choate , S. , Skinner , C. , Ferrington , J. , Kohler , B. and Skolits , G. 2008 . Extending the external validity of the color wheel procedures: Decreasing out-of-seat behavior in an intact, rural, 1st-grade classroom . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 8 : 120 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Codding , R. S. and Smyth , C. A. 2008 . Using performance feedback to decrease classroom transition time and examine collateral effects on academic engagement . Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation , 18 : 325 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , M. and Carta , J. 1993 . Building independence during in-class transitions: Teaching in-class transitions skills to preschoolers with developmental delays through choral-response-based self-assessment and contingent praise . Education and Treatment of Children , 16 : 160 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Detrich , R. , Keyworth , R. and States , J. 2007 . A roadmap to evidence-based education: Building an evidence-based culture . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 8 : 26 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• DiGangi , S. , Maag , J. and Rutherford , F. 1991 . Self-graphing of on-task behavior: Enhancing the reactive effects of self-monitoring on on-task behavior and academic performance . Learning Disability Quarterly , 14 : 221 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evertson , C. M. and Weinstein , C. S. 2006 . “ Classroom management as a field of inquiry ” . In The handbook of classroom management: Research, practice & contemporary issues , Edited by: Evertson , C. M. and Weinstein , C. S. 3 – 15 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Foster , L. N. and Skinner , C. H. 2011 . Evidence supporting the internal, external, and contextual validity of a writing program targeting middle school students with disabilities . Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention , 5 : 37 – 43 . (Commentary Authors)
   Google Scholar
• Fudge , D. , Reece , L. , Skinner , C. H. and Cowden , D. 2007 . Using multiple classroom rules, public cues, and consistent transition strategies to reduce inappropriate vocalization: An investigation of the color wheel . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for School , 8 : 102 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Fudge , D. , Skinner , C. , Williams , J. , Cowden , D. , Clark , J. and Bliss , S. 2008 . Increasing on-task behavior in every student in a second-grade classroom during transitions: Validating the color wheel system . Journal of School Psychology , 46 : 575 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettinger , M. 1985 . Time allocated and time spent relative to time needed for learning as determinants of achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 3 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettinger , M. and Seibert , J. K. 2002 . “ Best practices in increasing academic learning time ” . In Best practices in school psychology IV , Edited by: Thomas , A. 773 – 787 . Bethesda , MD : National Association of School Psychologists .
   Google Scholar
• Hallahan , D. P. and Sapona , R. 1983 . Self-monitoring of attention with learning-disabled children: past research and current issues . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 16 : 616 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , K. R. , Graham , S. , Reid , R. , McElroy , K. and Hamby , R. S. 1994 . Self-monitoring of attention versus self-monitoring of performance: Replication and cross-task comparison studies . Learning Disability Quarterly , 17 : 121 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautau , B. L. , Skinner , C. H. , Pfaffman , J. , Foster , S. and Clark , J. C. 2008 . Extending the external validity of the color wheel: Increasing on-task behavior in an urban, Kindergarten classroom . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 9 : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Heering , P. W. and Wilder , D. A. 2006 . The use of dependent group contingencies to increase on-task behavior in two general education classrooms . Education and Treatment of Children , 29 : 459 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Henington , C. and Skinner , C. H. 1998 . “ Peer monitoring ” . In Peer assisted learning , Edited by: Toppins , K. and Ely , S. 237 – 253 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , K. and O’Leary , D. 1972 . Reward, cost, and self-evaluation procedures for disruptive adolescents in a psychiatric hospital school . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 5 : 293 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. 2011 . Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings , 2nd ed. , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kirk , E. , Becker , J. , Skinner , C. , McCane-Bowling , S. , Amburn , C. , Luna , E. and Greear , C. 2010 . Deceasing inappropriate vocalizations using class-wide group contingencies and color wheel procedures: A component analysis . Psychology in the Schools , 47 : 931 – 943 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannie , A. and Martens , B. 2008 . Targeting performance dimensions in sequence according to the instructional hierarchy: Effects on children's math work within a self-monitoring program . Journal of Behavior Education , 17 : 356 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Lentz , F. E. 1988 . On-task behavior, academic performance and classroom disruptions: Untangling the target selection problem in classroom interventions . School Psychology Review , 17 : 243 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. , Romi , S. , Qui , X. and Katz , Y. 2005 . Teachers’ classroom discipline and student misbehavior in Australia, China, and Israel . Teaching and Teacher Education , 21 : 729 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , S. and Akin-Little , A. 2008 . Psychology's contributions to classroom management . Psychology in the Schools , 45 : 227 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone , B. G. and Tietjens , C. L. 2000 . Re-examination of classroom rules: The need for clarity and specified behavior . Special Services in the Schools , 16 : 159 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Marholin , D. and Steinman , W. 1977 . Stimulus control in the classroom as a function of the behavior reinforced . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 10 : 465 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive , M. L. and Smith , B. W. 2005 . Effect size calculations and single subject designs . Educational Psychology , 25 : 313 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Quillivan , C. C. , Skinner , C. H. , Embree , M. H. , Whithed , D. and Ballard , D. 2011 . Using a cell phone to prompt a kindergarten student to self-monitor off-task/disruptive behavior . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 12 : 131 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Ringeisen , H. , Henderson , K. and Hoagwood , K. 2003 . Context matters: Schools and the “research to practice gap” in children's mental health . School Psychology Review , 32 : 153 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saecker , L. , Sager , K. , Williams , J. L. , Skinner , C. H. , Spurgeon , S. and Luna , E. 2008 . Decreasing teacher's repeated directions and students’ inappropriate talking in an urban, fifth-grade classroom using the color wheel procedures . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 9 : 18 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Saifer , S. 2003 . Practical solutions to practically every problem: The early childhood teachers manual , (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED475175) .
   Google Scholar
• Sainato , D. M. and Lyon , S. May 1983 . “ A descriptive analysis of the requirements for independent performance in handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool classrooms ” . In Assisting behaviorally handicapped preschoolers in mainstream settings: A report of research from the Early Childhood Research Institute Edited by: Strain , P. S. May , Symposium presented at the Handicapped Children's Early Education Program/Division of Early Childhood Conference, Washington , DC (Chair)
   Google Scholar
• Saudargas , R. A. and Creed , V. 1980 . State-event classroom observation system , Knoxville : University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , C. H. Workshop presented at the 34th annual convention of the Association of Behavior Analysis International . Chicago , IL . Applying group contingencies in classrooms to prevent and remedy academic and behavior problems ,
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , C. H. , Freeland , J. and Shapiro , E. S. 2003 . “ Procedural issues associated with the behavioral assessment of children ” . In Handbook of educational and psychological assessment of children: Personality, behavior, and context , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Reynolds , C. R. and Kamphaus , R. W. 30 – 47 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , C. H. , Scala , G. , Dendas , D. and Lentz , F. E. 2007 . The color wheel: Implementation guidelines . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 8 : 134 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , C. H. and Skinner , A. L. 2007 . Establishing an evidence base for a classroom management procedure with a series of studies: Evaluating the color wheel . Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools , 8 : 88 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , C. H. , Skinner , C. H. and Burton , B. 2009 . “ Applying group-oriented contingencies in classrooms ” . In Behavioral interventions in schools: Evidence-based positive strategies , Edited by: Akin-Little , K. A. , Little , S. G. , Bray , M. and Kehle , T. 157 – 170 . Washington , DC : APA Press .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , C. H. and Smith , E. S. 1992 . Issues surrounding the use of self-managed interventions for increasing academic performance . School Psychology Review , 21 : 202 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallings , J. A. Paper presented at the Biological Science Curriculum Study Conference . Boulder , CO . Classroom research: Implications for mathematics and science instruction ,
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , B. , Campbell-Whatley , G. and Lo , Y. 2009 . Using a random dependent group contingency to increase on-task behaviors of high school students with high incidence disabilities . Psychology in the Schools , 46 : 1074 – 1083 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar