The Effect of Physical Activity on Children With ADHD: A Quantitative Review of the Literature

References

• Abikoff, H., & Gallagher, R. (2008). Assessment and remediation of organizational skills deficits in children with ADHD. In K. McBurnett & L. Pfiffner (Eds.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Concepts, controversies and new directions, (pp. 137–152). New York, NY: Informa Healthcare.
   Google Scholar
• *Ahmed, G., & Mohamed, S. (2011). Effect of regular aerobic exercises on behavioral, cognitive and psychological response in patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Life Science Journal, 8(2), 366–371.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. I. (1980). Jogging can modify disruptive behaviors. Teaching Exceptional Children, 12(2), 66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, G., Honegger, S., & Johnson, F. (2009). Financial accounting for local and state school systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics (2011). ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. APA. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ardoy, D. N., Fernández‐Rodríguez, J. M., Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Castillo, R., Ruiz, J. R., & Ortega, F. B. (2014). A physical education trial improves adolescents' cognitive performance and academic achievement: the EDUFIT study. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 24(1), e52–e61.
   Google Scholar
• Arnsten, A. F., & Rubia, K. (2012). Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(4), 356–367.
   Google Scholar
• Azrin, N. H., Ehle, C. T., & Beaumont, A. L. (2006). Physical exercise as a reinforcer to promote calmness of an ADHD child. Behavior modification, 30(5), 564–570. Children, 40(5), 16–22.
   Google Scholar
• *Baker, T. C. (2005). The use of mini-exercise breaks in the classroom management of ADHD–type behaviors (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uky.edu/results/B7582B920D44473CPQ/1?accountid=11836.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (Ed.). (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard-Brak, L., Davis, T., Sulak, T., & Brak, V. (2011). The association between physical education and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(7), 964–970.
   Google Scholar
• Basile, V. C. (1993). Effects of physical exercise and a mastery task on disruptive behaviors and self-concept (Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uky.edu/docview/304048830/fulltextPDF/86F5673EFE9D4820PQ/1?accountid=11836.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, C. K. (1985). Running can modify classroom behavior. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18(3), 160–161.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, B. J. (2000). Multivariate meta-analysis. In H. E .A Tinsley & S. Brown (Eds.), Handbook of applied and multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling (pp. 499–525). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berwid, O. G., & Halperin, J. M. (2012). Emerging support for a role of exercise in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder intervention planning. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(5), 543–551.
   Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Monuteaux, M. C., Fried, R., Byrne, D., Mirto, T., … & Faraone, S. V. (2010). Adult psychiatric outcomes of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 11-year follow-up in a longitudinal case-control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 409–417.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, R., Chavira, D. A., Bailey, K., Stein, M. T., & Stein, M. B. (2008). Nature of anxiety comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from a pediatric primary care setting. Psychiatry Research, 157(1), 201–209.
   Google Scholar
• Bussing, R., Mason, D. M., Bell, L., Porter, P., & Garvan, C. (2010). Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(6), 595–605.
   Google Scholar
• *Bustamante, E. E. (2013). Physical Activity Intervention for ADHD and DBD (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Regents University). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uky.edu/docview/1468954505/fulltextPDF/E547758C46AB44E3PQ/1?accountid=11836.
   Google Scholar
• Casey, B. J., Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Marsh, W. L., Hamburger, S. D., Schubert, A. B., … & Rapoport, J. L. (1997). Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 374–383.
   Google Scholar
• Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 617–628.
   Google Scholar
• Castelli, D. M., Hillman, C. H., Buck, S. M., & Erwin, H. E. (2007). Physical fitness and academic achievement in third-and fifth-grade students. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(2), 239–252.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: A guide for schools. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/physicalactivity/pdf/13_242620-A_CSPAP_SchoolPhysActivityPrograms_Final_508_12192013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chaddock, L., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Kim, J. S., Voss, M. W., VanPatter, M., … & Kramer, A. F. (2010). A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Research, 1358, 172–183.
   Google Scholar
• Chaddock, L., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., VanPatter, M., Voss, M. W., Pontifex, M. B., … & Kramer, A. F. (2010). Basal ganglia volume is associated with aerobic fitness in preadolescent children. Developmental Neuroscience, 32(3), 249–256.
   Google Scholar
• Chaddock, L., Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Johnson, C. R., Raine, L. B., & Kramer, A. F. (2012). Childhood aerobic fitness predicts cognitive performance one year later. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(5), 421–430.
   Google Scholar
• *Chang, Y. K., Hung, C. L., Huang, C. J., Hatfield, B. D., & Hung, T. M. (2014). Effects of an aquatic exercise program on inhibitory control in children with ADHD: A preliminary study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(3), 217–223.
   Google Scholar
• *Chang, Y. K., Liu, S., Yu, H. H., & Lee, Y. H. (2012). Effect of acute exercise on executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(2), 225–237.
   Google Scholar
• Chronis, A. M., Jones, H. A., & Raggi, V. L. (2006). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 486–502.
   Google Scholar
• Chronis-Tuscano, A., Molina, B. S., Pelham, W. E., Applegate, B., Dahlke, A., Overmyer, M., & Lahey, B. B. (2010). Very early predictors of adolescent depression and suicide attempts in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(10), 1044–1051.
   Google Scholar
• Colley, R., Garriguet, D., Janssen, I., Craig, C., Clarke, J., & Tremblay, M. (2011). Physical activity of canadian children and youth: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 canadian health measures survey. Health Reports, 22, 15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Costello, E. J., Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2004). Developmental Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders. In T. H. Ollendick & J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 61–91). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Craft, D. (1983). Effect of prior exercise on cognitive performance tasks by hyperactive and normal young boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 979–982.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, C. L., Tomporowski, P. D., Boyle, C. A., Waller, J. L., Miller, P. H., Naglieri, J. A., & Gregoski, M. (2007). Effects of aerobic exercise on overweight children's cognitive functioning: a randomized controlled trial. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(5), 510–519.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, C. L., Tomporowski, P. D., McDowell, J. E., Austin, B. P., Miller, P. H., Yanasak, N. E., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: a randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology, 30(1), 91.
   Google Scholar
• DeVito, E. E., Blackwell, A. D., Kent, L., Ersche, K. D., Clark, L., Salmond, C. H., … & Sahakian, B. J. (2008). The effects of methylphenidate on decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 64(7), 636–639.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly, J. E., & Lambourne, K. (2011). Classroom-based physical activity, cognition, and academic achievement. Preventive Medicine, 52, S36–S42.
   Google Scholar
• Durston, S. (2003). A review of the biological bases of ADHD: What have we learned from imaging studies? Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9(3), 184–195.
   Google Scholar
• Emery, K. (2007). Corporate control of public school goals: high-stakes testing in its historical perspective. Teach Education Quarterly, 34(2), 25–44.
   Google Scholar
• Emmerson, N. W. (2010). Monitoring patterns of physical activity, problematic behaviors, and moods in children with and without ADHD using electronic diaries (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3422928).
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, K. I., Miller, D. L., & Roecklein, K. A. (2012). The aging hippocampus interactions between exercise, depression, and BDNF. The Neuroscientist, 18(1), 82–97.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson, I., & Karlsson, M. K. (2014). Motor skills and school performance in children with daily physical education in school: A 9‐year intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2), 273–278.
   Google Scholar
• Etnier, J. L., Salazar, W., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., Han, M., & Nowell, P. (1997). The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Journal Sport Exercise Psychology. 19, 249–277.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. W., Pelham, W. E., Smith, B. H., Bukstein, O., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., … & Baron-Myak, C. (2001). Dose–response effects of methylphenidate on ecologically valid measures of academic performance and classroom behavior in adolescents with ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9(2), 163–175.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. W., Serpell, Z., & White, C. (2005). The transition to middle school: Preparing for challenge and success. Attention! Magazine (CHADD), 29–31. Retrieved from http://www.chadd.org/AttentionPDFs/ATTN_06_05_TheTransitiontoMiddleSchool.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Faber Taylor, A., & Kuo, F. E. M. (2011). Could exposure to everyday green spaces help treat ADHD? Evidence from children's play settings. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(3), 281–303.
   Google Scholar
• Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Burrows-MacLean, L., Coles, E. K., Chacko, A., … & Garefino, A. (2007). The single and combined effects of multiple intensities of behavior modification and methylphenidate for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a classroom setting. School Psychology Review, 36(2), 195–216.
   Google Scholar
• Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Coles, E. K., Gnagy, E. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., & O'Connor, B. C. (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 129–140.
   Google Scholar
• Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Morley, C. P., & Spencer, T. J. (2008). Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 994–1009.
   Google Scholar
• Fedewa, A. L., & Ahn, S. (2011). The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(3), 521–535.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, H. M., & Reiff, M. I. (2014). Attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(9), 838–846.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Z. & Tipton, E. (2015). robumeta: An R-package for robust variance estimation in meta-analysis. Journal of Statistical Software. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.02220.
   Google Scholar
• Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., … & Ji, P. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6(3), 151–175.
   Google Scholar
• Floriani, V., & Kennedy, C. (2008). Promotion of physical activity in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 20(1), 90–95.
   Google Scholar
• Froehlich, T. E., Lanphear, B. P., Epstein, J. N., Barbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., & Kahn, R. S. (2007). Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a national sample of U.S. children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(9), 857–864.
   Google Scholar
• *Gapin, J., & Etnier, J. L. (2010). The relationship between physical activity and executive function performance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(6), 753–63.
   Google Scholar
• Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2014). Parental perceptions of the effects of exercise on behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(4), 320–325.
   Google Scholar
• Gapin, J. I., Labban, J. D., & Etnier, J. L. (2011). The effects of physical activity on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: The evidence. Preventive Medicine, 52, 70–74.
   Google Scholar
• Giedd J. N., & Rapoport J. L. (2010). Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: What have we learned and where are we going? Neuron, 67, 728–34.
   Google Scholar
• Gleser, L. J., & Olkin, I. (2009). Stochastically dependent effect sizes. In H. M. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, (2nd ed., pp. 357–376). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Golubović, Š., Milutinović, D., & Golubović, B. (2014). Benefits of physical exercises in developing certain fitness levels in children with hyperactivity. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(7), 594–600.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhill, L. L., Pliszka, S., & Dulcan, M. K. (2002). Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(2), 26S–49S.
   Google Scholar
• Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380(9838), 247–257.
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, J. M., Berwid, O. G., & O'Neill, S. (2014). Healthy body, healthy mind?: The effectiveness of physical activity to treat ADHD in children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(4), 899–936.
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, J. M., & Healey, D. M. (2011). The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 621–634.
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, J. M., Marks, D. J., Bedard, A. C. V., Chacko, A., Curchack, J. T., Yoon, C. A., & Healey, D. M. (2012). Training executive, attention, and motor skills: a proof-of-concept study in preschool children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 531–541. doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0123-z.
   Google Scholar
• Hammerschmidt, P., Tackett, W., Golzynski, M., & Golzynski, D. (2011). Barriers to and facilitators of healthful eating and physical activity in low-income schools. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 43(1), 63–68.
   Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V. (1994). Fixed effects models. In H. Cooper and L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp.285–299). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., & Johnson, M. C. (2010). Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(1), 39–65.
   Google Scholar
• Helseth, S. A., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Onyango, A. N., Burrows-MacLean, L., Fabiano, G. A., … & Pelham Jr, W. E. (2015). Effects of behavioral and pharmacological therapies on peer reinforcement of deviancy in children with ADHD-only, ADHD and conduct problems, and controls. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(2), 280–292.
   Google Scholar
• Heyman, E., Gamelin, F. X., Goekint, M., Piscitelli, F., Roelands, B., Leclair, E., … & Meeusen, R. (2012). Intense exercise increases circulating endocannabinoid and BDNF levels in humans—possible implications for reward and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(6), 844–851.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, A. P., Dengel, D. R., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Supporting public health priorities: recommendations for physical education and physical activity promotion in schools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57(4), 368–374.
   Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Wells, K. C., Krawmer, H. C., Abikoff, H. B., Aronold, L. E., et al. (2000). Family processes and treatment outcome in the MTA: Negative/ineffective parenting practices in relation to multimodal treatment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 555–568.
   Google Scholar
• Howie, E. K., Beets, M. W., & Pate, R. R. (2014). Acute classroom exercise breaks improve on-task behavior in 4th and 5th grade students: A dose–response. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 7(2), 65–71.
   Google Scholar
• Howie, E. K., Schatz, J., & Pate, R. R. (2015). Acute effects of classroom exercise breaks on executive function and math performance: A dose–response study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 86(3), 217–224.
   Google Scholar
• Hoza, B. (2007). Peer functioning in children with ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(6), 655–663.
   Google Scholar
• *Hoza, B., Smith, A. L., Shoulberg, E. K., Linnea, K. S., Dorsch, T. E., Blazo, J. A., … & McCabe, G. P. (2014). A randomized trial examining the effects of aerobic physical activity on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in young children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 655–667.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C. W., Huang, C. J., Hung, C. L., Shih, C. H., & Hung, T. M. (2015). Physical fitness and resting EEG in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychophysiology, 29(1), 26–32.
   Google Scholar
• *Jensen, P. S., & Kenny, D. T. (2004). The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders, 7(4), 205–216.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, P. S., Youngstrom, E. A., Steiner, H., Findling, R. L., Meyer, R. E., Malone, R. P., … & Dougherty, D. (2007). Consensus report on impulsive aggression as a symptom across diagnostic categories in child psychiatry: implications for medication studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(3), 309–322.
   Google Scholar
• Kiluk, B. D., Weden, S, & Culotta, V. P. (2009). Sport participation and anxiety in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(6), 499–506.
   Google Scholar
• *Kang, K. D., Choi, J. W., Kang, S. G., & Han, D. H. (2011). Sports therapy for attention, cognitions and sociality. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(12), 953–959.
   Google Scholar
• *Katz, D. L., Cushman, D., Reynolds, J., Njike, V., Treu, J. A., Katz, C., … & Smith, E. (2010). Putting physical activity where it fits in the school day: Preliminary results of the ABC (Activity Bursts in the Classroom) for fitness program. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(4), 1–10. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/09_0176.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Kercood, S., & Banda, D. R. (2012). The effects of added physical activity on performance during a listening comprehension task for students with and without attention problems. International Journal of Applied Educational Studies, 13(1), 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Kibbe, D. L., Hackett, J., Hurley, M., McFarland, A., Schubert, K. G., Schultz, A., & Harris, S. (2011). Ten Years of TAKE 10!®: Integrating physical activity with academic concepts in elementary school classrooms. Preventive Medicine, 52, S43–S50.
   Google Scholar
• *Kiluk, B. D., Sarah W., and Culotta V. P.. 2009. Sport participation and anxiety in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(6) , 499–506. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.uky.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/289693790?accountid=11836.
   Google Scholar
• Kriemler, S., Meyer, U., Martin, E., Van Sluijs, E. M. F., Andersen, L. B., & Martin, B. W. (2011). Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: A review of reviews and systematic update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 923–930.
   Google Scholar
• Lahey, B. B., Hartung, C. M., Loney, J., Pelham, W. E., Chronis, A. M., & Lee, S. S. (2007). Are there sex differences in the predictive validity of DSM–IV ADHD among younger children?. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 113–126.
   Google Scholar
• Lambourne, K., and Tomporowski, P. (2010). The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: A meta-regression analysis. Brain Research, 1341, 12–24.
   Google Scholar
• Larun, L., Nordheim, L., Ekeland, E., Hagen, K. B., & Heian, F. (2006). Exercise in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression among children and young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.uky.edu/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004691.pub2/full.
   Google Scholar
• Lehnert, K. (2014). The influence of exercise on cognitive functions in children with ADHD. Zeitschrift Fur Sport Psychologie, 21(3), 104–118.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis (Vol. 49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lounsbery, M. A., McKenzie, T. L., Trost, S., & Smith, N. J. (2011). Facilitators and barriers to adopting evidence-based physical education in elementary schools (Supplemental). Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(1), S17–S25.
   Google Scholar
• *Lufi, D., & Parish-Plass, J. (2011). Sport-based group therapy program for boys with ADHD or with other behavioral disorders. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 33(3), 217–230.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, J. K., Le Mare, L., & Gurd, B. J. (2014). Four minutes of in-class high-intensity interval activity improves selective attention in 9-to 11-year olds. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40(3), 238–244.
   Google Scholar
• Mahar, M. T., Murphy, S. K., Rowe, D. A., Golden, J., Shields, A. T., & Raedeke, T. D. (2006). Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(12), 2086–2094.
   Google Scholar
• Mahon, A. D., Dean, R. S., McIntosh, D. E., Marjerrison, A. D., Cole, A. S., Woodruff, M. E., & Lee, M. P. (2013). Acute exercise effects on measures of attention and Impulsivity in children with attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(2), 65–73.
   Google Scholar
• Majewicz-Hefley, A., & Carlson, J. S. (2007). A meta-analysis of combined treatments for children diagnosed with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10(3), 239–250.
   Google Scholar
• McKune, A. J., Pautz, J., & Lomjbard, J. (2004). Behavioural response to exercise in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(3), 17–21.
   Google Scholar
• McQuade, J., & Hoza, B. (2015). Peer relationships of children with ADHD. In Barkley, R. A. (Ed.), Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th Ed.). (pp. 210–222). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Medina, J. A., Netto, T. L., Muszkat, M., Medina, A. C., Botter, D., Orbetelli, R., … Miranda, M. C. (2010). Exercise impact on sustained attention of ADHD children, methylphenidate effects. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2, 49–58.
   Google Scholar
• Molina, B. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., … & MTA Cooperative Group. (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 484–500.
   Google Scholar
• *Morand, M. K., Meller, P. J., Theodore, S. L., Camenzuli, C., & Scardapane, J. R. (2004). The effects of mixed martial arts on behavior of male children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (Doctoral Dissertation, Hofstra University). Retrieved from https://www.virginiatkd.com/wp-content/uploads/running.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mulrine, C. F., Prater, M. A., & Jenkins, A. (2008). The active classroom: Supporting students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder through exercise. Teaching Exceptional, 40(5), 16–22.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor, B. C., Fabiano, G. A., Waschbusch, D. A., Belin, P. J., Gnagy, E. M., Pelham, W. E., … & Roemmich, J. N. (2014). Effects of a summer treatment program on functional sports outcomes in young children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 1005–1017.
   Google Scholar
• *Packard, S. S. (2007). Effects of Vigorous Bouts of Physical Activity in Elementary Students with and Without a Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder: An Examination of how Physical Activity Influences the Attention and Concentration of Students in the School Environment (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/miami1182358294/inline.
   Google Scholar
• Pelham, W. E., & Lang, A. R. (1993). Parental alcohol consumption and deviant child behavior: Laboratory studies of reciprocal effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 763–784.
   Google Scholar
• Piepmeier, A. T., Shih, C. H., Whedon, M., Williams, L. M., Davis, M. E., Henning, D. A., … & Etnier, J. L. (2015). The effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 97–104.
   Google Scholar
• Pontifex, M. (2011). Transient modulations of inhibitory control in children with ADHD: the effect of a single bout of physical activity (Doctoral Dissertation). (Retrieved from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/29666/).
   Google Scholar
• *Pontifex, M. B., Saliba, B. J., Raine, L. B., Picchietti, D. L., & Hillman, C. H. (2013). Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of pediatrics, 162(3), 543–551.
   Google Scholar
• Pliszka, S. R. (2007). Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action. Neuropsychology Review, 17(1), 61–72.
   Google Scholar
• Pliszka, S. R., Carlson, C. L., & Swanson, J. M. (1999). ADHD with comorbid disorders: Clinical assessment and management. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Porter, S. S., & Omizo, M. M. (1984). The effects of group relaxation training/large muscle exercise, and parental involvement on attention to task, impulsivity, and locus of control among hyperactive boys. The Exceptional Child, 31(1), 54–64.
   Google Scholar
• Raine, L. B., Lee, H. K., Saliba, B. J., Chaddock-Heyman, L., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2013). The influence of childhood aerobic fitness on learning and memory. PloS One, 8(9). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24039791.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, D., Nicolson, R. I., & Hambly, H. (2003). Evaluation of an exercise‐based treatment for children with reading difficulties. Dyslexia, 9(1), 48–71.
   Google Scholar
• Reza, A. B., & Hamid, F. (2011). Biological effects of cycling exercise on reducing symptoms of children's attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Annals of Biological Research, 2(6), 617–623.
   Google Scholar
• *Richardson, C. C. (2009). Self-assessment of regular physical activity and academic achievement in students with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1471009).
   Google Scholar
• Ridley, K., Ainsworth, B. E., & Olds, T. S. (2008). Development of a compendium of energy expenditures for youth. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5, 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Riddle, M. A., Yershova, K., Lazzaretto, D., Paykina, N., Yenokyan, G., Greenhill, L., … & Kollins, S. H. (2013). The preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment study (PATS) 6-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(3), 264–278.
   Google Scholar
• Ridgway, A., Northup, J., Pellegrin, A., LaRue, R., & Hightsoe, A. (2003). Effects of recess on the classroom behavior of children with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(3), 253–268.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. L. (2011). The behavioral effects of increased physical activity on preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/639/.
   Google Scholar
• Scully, A., Manfredini, F., Malagoni, A. M., Mandini, S., Boari, B., Felisatti, M., … Manfredini, R. (2009). Sport therapy for hypertension: Why, how, and how much? Angiology, 60, 207–216.
   Google Scholar
• Scime, M., & Norvilitis, J. M. (2006). Task performance and response to frustration in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 43(3), 377–386.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D. E. E. A., … & Rapoport, J. L. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(49), 19649–19654.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Malek, M., Watson, B., Sharp, W., Evans, A., & Greenstein, D. (2012). Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72(3), 191–197.
   Google Scholar
• Shipman, W. M. (1984). Emotional and behavioral effects of long-distance running on children. In M. L. Sachs & G. W. Buffone (Eds.), Running as therapy (pp. 125–137). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3), 243–256.
   Google Scholar
• Siefker, R. (1989). Reducing problem behaviors in middle-school males using an exercise program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1338239).
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & Shapiro, C. (2015). Combined treatments for ADHD. In Barkley, R. A. (Ed.), Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th Ed.). (pp. 210–222). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. L., Hoza, B., Linnea, K., McQuade, J. D., Tomb, M., Vaughn, A. J., … & Hook, H. (2013). Pilot physical activity intervention reduces severity of ADHD symptoms in young children. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(1), 70–82.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. H., Waschbusch, D. A., Willoghby, M. T., & Evans, S. (2000). The efficacy, safety, and practicality of treatments for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 243–267.
   Google Scholar
• So, W. Y. (2012). Association between physical activity and academic performance in Korean adolescent students. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 258.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, A. J. (2009). Publication bias. In H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, (Vol. 2 pp. 435–452). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K., Christian, D. L., & Wigal, T. (1995). Stimulant medication and treatment of children with ADHD. In T. H. Ollendick, & R. J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology, (Vol. 17 pp. 265–322). New York, NY: Plenum Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Tantillo, M., Kesick, C. M., Hynd, G. W., & Dishman, R. K. (2002). The effects of exercise on children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 203–212.
   Google Scholar
• Tette, J. (2003). The effects of exercise on executive functioning in primary school aged children. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from http://www.wilson.wnyric.org/central/notices/executive_function.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tomporowski, P. D. (2003). Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition. Acta Psychologica, 112(3), 297–324.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2009). Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology, 57(7), 579–589.
   Google Scholar
• Troiano, R. P., Berrigan, D., Dodd, K. W., Masse, L. C., Tilert, T., & McDowell, M. (2008). Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(1), 181.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. J. (2007). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder may be associated with decreased central brain-derived neurotrophic factor activity: clinical and therapeutic implications. Medical Hypotheses, 68(4), 896–899.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). Healthy People 2010. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/About/goals.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Verburgh, L., Königs, M., Scherder, E. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2013). Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441.
   Google Scholar
• *Verret, C., Guay, M. C., Berthiaume, C., Gardiner, P., & Béliveau, L. (2012). A physical activity program improves behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD: An exploratory study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(1), 71–80.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Wendt, M. S. (2000). The effect of an activity program designed with intense physical exercise on the behavior of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9964398).
   Google Scholar
• Wiener, J., & Mak, M. (2009). Peer victimization in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 46(2), 116–131.
   Google Scholar
• Wigal, S. B., Nemet, D., Swanson, J. M., Regino, R., Trampush, J., Ziegler, M. G., & Cooper, D. M. (2003). Catecholamine response to exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Research, 53(5), 756–761.
   Google Scholar
• Wills, J., & Sandholtz, J. (2009). Constrained professionalism: dilemmas of teaching in the face of test-based accountability. Teachers College Record, 111(4), 1065–1114.
   Google Scholar
• Wittberg, R. A., Northrup, K. L., & Cottrell, L. A. (2012). Children's aerobic fitness and academic achievement: a longitudinal examination of students during their fifth and seventh grade years. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), 2303–2307.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimasu, K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Voigt, R. G., Killian, J. M., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2012). Childhood ADHD is strongly associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders during adolescence: a population‐based birth cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(10), 1036–1043.
   Google Scholar
• Ziereis, S., & Jansen, P. (2015). Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 181–191.
   Google Scholar
• Zivkovic, D., Zivanovic, N., Zivkovic, M., Milojkovic, O., & Djordjevic, M. (2012). Physical activity in ADHD children treatment. Healthmed, 6(11), 3822–3825.
   Google Scholar