African Americans and the Marijuana Legalization Paradox: Do Race-Specific Murder Victimization Rates and Race-Specific Drug Arrest Rates Explain It?

REFERENCES

• Anderson , E. 1990 . Streetwise: Race, class, and change in an urban community , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city , New York, NY : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Arditti , J. A. and McClintock , C. 2001 . Drug policy and families: Casualties of the war . Marriage and Family Review , 32 ( 3/4 ) : 11 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks , R. 1997 . “ Race, representation, and the drug policy agenda ” . In African Americans and the public agenda , Edited by: Herring , C. 209 – 223 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Blendon , R. J. and Young , J. T. 1998 . The public and the war on illicit drugs . Journal of the American Medical Association , 279 : 827 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein , A. 1995 . Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 86 ( 1 ) : 10 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstein , H. H. 1991 . The media and the construction of random drug violence . Social Justice , 18 ( 4 ) : 85 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. D. and Johnson , D. 2004 . A taste for punishment: Black and white Americans’ views on the death penalty and the war on drugs . Du Bois Review , 1 ( 1 ) : 151 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. D. and Thompson , V. 2006 . Unfair by design: The war on drugs, race, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system . Social Research , 73 ( 2 ) : 445 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgois , P. 2003 . In search of respect: Selling crack in el barrio , 2nd ed. , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , R. 2000 . Fear and fairness in the city: Criminal enforcement and perceptions of fairness in minority communities . Southern California Law Review , 73 : 1219 – 1275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstein , H. H. 1991 . The media and the construction of random drug violence . Social Justice , 18 ( 4 ) : 85 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun , T. , Parker , K. D. and Weaver , G. 1995 . Attitudes of African Americans toward drugs in the community: A multivariate analysis . Western Journal of Black Studies , 19 ( 2 ) : 143 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Charles , C. Z. 2003 . The dynamics of racial residential segregation . Annual Review of Sociology , 29 : 167 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , D. 1995 . The paradox of race and crime: A comment on Randall Kennedy's politics of distinction . Georgetown Law Journal , 83 : 2547 – 2573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. A. and Smith , T. W. 2007 . General social surveys, 1972–2006 [machine-readable data file] , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. C. and Lurigio , A. J. 1996 . Fighting back: Neighborhood antidrug strategies , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , T. J. Jr. 2005 . The political orientation of Blacks and Whites: Converging, diverging, or remaining constant? . Social Science Journal , 42 : 487 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leon , G. 1994 . Some problems with the anti-prohibitionist position on legalization of drugs . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 12 ( 2 ) : 35 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duster , T. 1997 . “ Pattern, purpose, and race in the drug war: The crisis of credibility in criminal justice ” . In Crack in America: Demon drugs and social justice , Edited by: Reinarman , C. and Levine , H. 260 – 287 . Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , J. Jr. 2004 . Community policing and youth as assets . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 95 ( 1 ) : 1 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , J. A. and Swatt , M. L. Uniform crime reports [United States]: Supplementary homicide reports with multiple imputation, cumulative files 1976–2005 , [Computer file]. ICPSR22161-v2. Ann Arbor, MI : Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] . 2008-09-18. doi:10.3886/ICPSR22161
   Google Scholar
• Goode , E. 2002 . Drug arrests at the millennium . Society , 39 ( 5 ) : 41 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. 1999 . “ Legalizing drugs: Would it really reduce violent crime? ” . In The drug legalization debate , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Inciardi , J. A. 55 – 74 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. 2002 . The war on drugs III: The continuing saga of the mysteries and miseries of intoxication, addiction, crime, and public policy , Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. and McBride , D. C. 1989 . Legalization a high risk alternative in the war on drugs . American Behavioral Scientist , 32 ( 3 ) : 259-289 January/February
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. B. 1990 . Imagining drug legalization . The Public Interest , 101 : 28 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , R. 1994 . The state, criminal law, and racial discrimination . Harvard Law Review , 107 : 1255 – 1278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , R. S. 2008 . Disparity by geography: The war on drugs in America's cities , Washington, DC : The Sentencing Project . Retrieved from http://www.sentencingproject.org/Admin/Documents/publications/dp_drugarrestreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Krivo , L. J. , Peterson , R. D. and Karafin , D. L. 2006 . “ Perceptions of crime and safety in racially and economically distinct neighborhoods ” . In The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity, and crime in America , Edited by: Peterson , R. D. , Krivo , L. J. and Hagan , J. 237 – 255 . New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , E. G. , Ventura , L. A. , Baker , D. N. and Jenkins , M. 2006 . Drug views: Does race matter? . Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice , 4 ( 1/2 ) : 93 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Maguire , K. 2007 . “ Table 2.43: Attitudes toward the level of spending to deal with drug addiction ” . In Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics Retrieved from http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t243.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. S. 1995 . Getting away with murder: Segregation and violent crime in urban America . University of Pennsylvania Law Review , 143 ( May ) : 1203 – 1232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey , D. S. and Denton , N. A. 1993 . American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mauer , M. 2006 . Race to incarcerate , New York, NY : New Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mauer , M. and King , R. S. 2007 . “ A 25-year quagmire: The war on drugs and its impact on American society ” . Washington, DC : The Sentencing Project . Retrieved from http://www.sentencingproject.org/Admin/Documents/publications/dp_25yearquagmire.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Meares , T. L. 1997 . Charting race and class differences in attitudes toward drug legalization and law enforcement: Lessons for federal criminal law . Buffalo Criminal Law Review , 1 : 137 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Meares , T. L. 1998 . Social organization and drug law enforcement . American Criminal Law Review , 32 ( 2 ) : 191 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Meares , T. L. 2002 . Praying for community policing . California Law Review , 90 : 1593 – 1634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meares , T. L. and Kahan , D. M. 1999 . When rights are wrong . Boston Review , 4-8, April/May
   Google Scholar
• Nadelmann , E. A. 1988 . The great drug debate: I. The case for legalization . Public Interest , 92 : 3 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadelmann , E. A. 2004, July 12 . An end to marijuana prohibition: The drive to legalize picks up . National Review , 56 ( 13 ) : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadelmann , E. A. 2007, September/October . Think again: Drugs . Foreign Policy , : 24 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadelmann , E. A. 2008, December 5 . Let's end drug prohibition . Wall Street Journal , Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse . 2003 . Drug use among racial/ethnic minorities, revised , (DHHS Pub. No. NIH 98–3888). Rockville, MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Nunn , K. B. 2002 . Race, crime and the pool of surplus criminality: Or why the ‘war on drugs’ was a ‘war on blacks’ . Journal of Gender, Race and Justice , 6 : 381 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Patillo , M. 2005 . Black middle-class neighborhoods . Annual Review of Sociology , 31 : 305 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patillo-McCoy , M. 1999 . Black picket fences: Privilege and peril among the black middle class , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Provine , D. M. 2006 . “ Creating racial disadvantage: The case of crack cocaine ” . In The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity, and crime in America , Edited by: Peterson , R. D. , Krivo , L. J. and Hagan , J. 277 – 294 . New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Resignato , A. J. 2000 . Violent crime: A function of drug use or drug enforcement? . Applied Economics , 32 : 681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. 1987 . Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption . American Journal of Sociology , 93 : 348 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Wilson , W. J. 1995 . “ Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality ” . In Crime and inequality , Edited by: Hagan , J. and Peterson , R. D. 37 – 54 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saxe , L. , Kadushin , C. , Beveridge , A. , Livert , D. , Tighe , E. , Rindskopf , D. and Brodsky , A. 2001 . The visibility of illicit drugs: Implications for community-based drug control strategies . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 1987 – 1994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timberlake , J. M. , Lock , E. D. and Rasinski , K. A. 2003 . How should we wage the war on drugs? Determinants of public preferences for drug control alternatives . Policy Studies Journal , 31 ( 1 ) : 71 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonry , M. 1994 . Race and the war on drugs . University of Chicago Legal Forum , 18 ( 2 ) : 25 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Tonry , M. 1995 . Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trevino , R. A. and Richard , A. J. 2002 . Attitudes towards drug legalization Among drug users . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 28 ( 1 ) : 91 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation . 1990–2000 . Crime in the United States 1990–2000 , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990–2000 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation . 2008 . Crime in the United States, 2008 Retrieved from http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/data/table_43.html
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesh , S. A. 2006 . Off the books: The underground economy of the urban poor , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesh , S. A. and Murphy , A. 2006 . “ Policing ourselves: Law and order in the American ghetto ” . In Youth, globalization, and the law , Edited by: Venkatesh , S. A. and Kassimir , R. 124 – 157 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant , L. 2008 . Urban outcasts: A comparative study of advanced marginality , Cambridge, , UK : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , S. , Spohn , C. and DeLone , M. 2007 . The color of justice , 4th ed. , Belmont, CA : Thompson/Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. Q. 1990 . Against the legalization of drugs . Commentary , 89 ( 2 ) 21–28, February
   PubMedGoogle Scholar