15 years later: Post 9/11 support for increased security and criminalizing muslims

References

• Akbarzadeh, S., & Smith, B. (2005). The representation of Islam and Muslims in the media: (The Age and Herald Sun newspapers). Clayton, Vic.: School of Political and Social Inquiry, Monash University.
   Google Scholar
• Alsultany, E. (2012). Arabs and Muslims in the media. Race and representation after 9/11. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altheide, D. L. (2002). Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, C. J., & Miner, E. (2013). Who gets designated a terrorist and why? Social Forces, 91, 837–872. doi:10.1093/sf/sos200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrenberg, J. L., Finlay, K. A., Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. (2007). Prejudice toward people with cancer or AIDS: Applying the integrated threat model. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 7, 75–86. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2002.tb00078.x
   Google Scholar
• Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., … Leyens, J. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 843–856. doi:10.1037/a0013470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bizman, A., & Yinon, Y. (2001). Intergroup and interpersonal threats as determinants of prejudice: The moderating role of in-group identification. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 191–196. doi:10.1207/153248301750433669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinson, M. E., & Stohl, M. (2012). Media framing of terrorism: Implications for public opinion, civil liberties, and counterterrorism policies. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5, 270–290. doi:10.1080/17513057.2012.713973
   Google Scholar
• Britto, S., & Noga-Styron, K. E. (2014). Media consumption and support for capital punishment. Criminal Justice Review, 39, 81–100. doi:10.1177/0734016814522645
   Google Scholar
• Bruton, F. B. (2016, March 8). Donald Trump attacks Muslims: “Islam hates us.” NBC News. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com
   Google Scholar
• Bush, G. W. (2002). The national security strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: The Executive Office of the President Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Byers, B. D., & Jones, J. A. (2007). The impact of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 on anti-Islamic hate crime. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 5, 43–56. doi:10.1300/j222v05n01_03
   Google Scholar
• Carlsmith, K. M., & Sood, A. M. (2009). The fine line between interrogation and retribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 191–196. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, L., & Krosnick, J. A. (2009). National surveys via RDD telephone interviewing versus the Internet. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 641–678. doi:10.1093/poq/nfp075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanley, V. A. (2002). Trust in government in the aftermath of 9/11: Determinants and consequences. Political Psychology, 23, 469–483. doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., Eschholz, S., & Gertz, M. (1997). Crime, news and fear of crime: Toward an identification of audience effects. Social Problems, 44, 342–357. doi:10.1525/sp.1997.44.3.03x0119o
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., Padgett, K., & Gertz, M. (2000). Fear, TV news, and the reality of crime. Criminology, 38, 755–786. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00905.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, W. (2016). Seen like a state: How illegitimacy shapes terrorism designation. Social Forces, 94, 1129–1152. doi:10.1093/sf/sov083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuk, D. J. (2015). Americans' value preferences pre- and post-9/11. Social Science Quarterly, 97, 407–417. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corenblum, B., & Stephan, W. G. (2001). White fears and native apprehensions: An integrated threat theory approach to intergroup attitudes. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 33, 251–268. doi:10.1037/h0087147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770–789. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M. (2013). Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in Western Europe. Communication Monographs, 80, 46–62. doi:10.1080/03637751.2012.739704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M., & Cronn-Mills, D. (2011). Religious misperceptions: The case of Muslims and Christians in France and Britain. New York, NY: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. W. (2007). Negative liberty: Public opinion and the terrorist attacks on America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. W., & Silver, B. D. (2004). Civil liberties vs. security: Public opinion in the context of the terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48, 28–46. doi:10.2307/1519895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, J. (2015, December 8). Donald Trump: Ban all Muslim travel to U.S. Cable News Network. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com
   Google Scholar
• Disha, I., Cavendish, J. C., & King, R. D. (2011). Historical events and spaces of hate: Hate crimes against Arabs and Muslims in post-9/11 America. Social Problems, 58, 21–46. doi:10.1525/sp.2011.58.1.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dizard, W. (2015, December 9). U.S. Muslims experience rise in Islamophobia. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved from http://america.aljazeera.com
   Google Scholar
• Erisen, C., & Kentmen-Cin, C. (2016). Tolerance and perceived threat toward Muslim immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands. European Union Politics, 18, 73–97. doi:10.1177/1465116516675979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbidon, S. L., Penn, E. B., Jordan, K. L., & Higgins, G. E. (2009). The influence of race/ethnicity on the perceived prevalence and support for racial profiling at airports. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20, 344–358. doi:10.1177/0887403408327384
   Google Scholar
• Gadarian, S. K. (2010). The politics of threat: How terrorism news shapes foreign policy attitudes. The Journal of Politics, 72, 469–483. doi:10.1017/s0022381609990910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, B. E., & Geva, N. (2016). Security versus liberty in the context of counterterrorism: An experimental approach. Terrorism and Political Violence, 28, 30–48. doi:10.1080/09546553.2013.878704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhauser, P. T. (2014). Framing Arab-Americans and Muslims in US media. Sociological Viewpoints, 30, 7–35.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, J. L. (2013). Measuring political tolerance and general support for pro-civil liberties policies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77, 45–68. doi:10.1093/poq/nfs073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, K. V., Verkuyten, M., Weesie, J., & Poppe, E. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 667–685. doi:10.1348/014466608x284443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, P., & Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the enemy. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Holbrook, A. L., Krosnick, J. A., & Pfent, A. (2008). The causes and consequences of response rates in surveys by the news media and government contractor survey research firms. In J. M. Lepkowski, C. Tucker, J. M. Brick, E. de Leeuw, L. Japec, P. J. Lavrakas, M. W. Link, & R. L. Sangster, (Eds.), Advances in telephone survey methodology (pp. 499–679). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Capelos, T., & Provost, C. (2002). The consequences of terrorism: Disentangling the effects of personal and national threat. Political Psychology, 23, 485–509. doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 593–608. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00144.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Khatib, N., & Capelos, T. (2002). The polls-trends. Reactions to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 418–450. doi:10.1086/341395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins-Smith, H. C., & Herron, K. G. (2009). Rock and a hard place: Public willingness to trade civil rights and liberties for greater security. Politics & Policy, 37, 1095–1129. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00215.x
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, D., Brazier, D., Forrest, K., Ketelhut, C., Mason, D., & Mitchell, M. (2011). Attitudes toward the use of racial/ethnic profiling to prevent crime and terrorism. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 22, 422–447. doi:10.1177/0887403410381801
   Google Scholar
• Jung, J. H. (2012). Islamophobia? Religion, contact with Muslims, and the respect for Islam. Review of Religious Research, 54, 113–126. doi:10.1007/s13644-011-0033-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkan, K. O., Layman, G. C., & Uslaner, E. M. (2009). “Bands of others”? Attitudes toward Muslims in contemporary American society. The Journal of Politics, 71, 847–862. doi:10.1017/s0022381609090756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R. D., & Wheelock, D. (2007). Group threat and social control: Race, perceptions of minorities and the desire to punish. Social Forces, 85, 1255–1280. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, C. W. (2005). The clash between security and liberty in the U.S. Response to terror. Public Administration Review, 65, 18–30. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00427.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livengood, J. S., & Stodolska, M. (2004). The effects of discrimination and constraints negotiation on leisure behavior of American Muslims in the post-September 11 America. Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 183–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lönnqvist, J., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Verkasalo, M. (2011). Personal values before and after migration. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 584–591. doi:10.1177/1948550611402362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lönnqvist, J., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Verkasalo, M. (2013). Rebound effect in personal values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1122–1126. doi:10.1177/0022022113480040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love, E. (2009). Confronting Islamophobia in the United States: Framing civil rights activism among Middle Eastern Americans. Patterns of Prejudice, 43, 401–425. doi:10.1080/00313220903109367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P., Kern, M., & Just, M. R. (2003). Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the public. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Panagopoulos, C. (2006). The polls-trends Arab and Muslim Americans and Islam in the aftermath of 9/11. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70, 608–624. doi:10.1093/poq/nfl029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center (2014). How Americans feel about religious groups. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org
   Google Scholar
• Piazza, J. A. (2015). Terrorist suspect religious identity and public support for harsh interrogation and detention practices. Political Psychology, 36, 667–690. doi:10.1111/pops.12190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T., Baker, T., Metcalfe, C., Gertz, M., & Bellandi, R. (2014). Contact and compromise: Explaining support for conciliatory measures in the context of violent intergroup conflict. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51, 585–619. doi:10.1177/0022427814528182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raviv, A., Sadeh, A., Raviv, A., Silberstein, O., & Diver, O. (2000). Young Israelis' reactions to national trauma: The Rabin assassination and terror attacks. Political Psychology, 21, 299–322. doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitzel, J. D., Rice, S. K., & Piquero, A. R. (2004). Lines and shadows: Perceptions of racial profiling and the Hispanic experience. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 607–616. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitzel, J. D., & Piquero, A. R. (2006). Does it exist? Studying citizens' attitudes of racial profiling. Police Quarterly, 9, 161–183. doi:10.1177/1098611104264743
   Google Scholar
• Rice, S. K., Reitzel, J. D., & Piquero, A. R. (2005). Shades of brown: Perceptions of racial profiling and the intra-ethnic differential. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 3, 47–70. doi:10.1300/j222v03n01_03
   Google Scholar
• Roche, S. P., Pickett, J. T., & Gertz, M. (2015). The scary world of online news? Internet news exposure and public attitudes toward crime and justice. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32, 215–236. doi:10.1007/s10940-015-9261-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rykkja, L. H., Per Lægreid, P., & Fimreite, A. L. (2011). Attitudes towards anti-terror measures: The role of trust, political orientation and civil liberties support. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 4, 219–237. doi:10.1080/17539153.2011.586206
   Google Scholar
• Scroggins, D. (2005, June 9). The Dutch Muslim cultural war. Nation. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sides, J., & Gross, K. (2013). Stereotypes of Muslims and support for the war on terror. The Journal of Politics, 75, 583–598. doi:10.1017/s0022381613000388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Mullen, E. (2004). Political tolerance and coming to psychological closure following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: An integrative approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 743–756. doi:10.1177/0146167204263968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman, P. M., Fletcher, J. F., Russell, P. H., & Tetlock, P. E. (1996). The clash of rights: Liberty, equality, and legitimacy in pluralist democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sniderman, P. M., Hagendoorn, L., & Prior, M. (2004). Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review, 98, 35–49. doi: 10.1017/S000305540400098X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., … Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of blacks and whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1242–1254. doi:10.1177/01461672022812009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R., & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 240–249. doi:10.1177/0022022100031002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith & (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions (pp. 265–283). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221–2237. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martnez, C. M., Schwarzwald, J., & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 559–576. doi:10.1177/0022022198294004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., & Roy, R. (2009). The relationships between contact, status and prejudice: An integrated threat theory analysis of Hindu–Muslim relations in India. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 83–94. doi:10.1002/casp.984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telhami, S. (2015, December 9). What Americans really think about Muslims and Islam. Brookings Institute. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu
   Google Scholar
• Uenal, F. (2015). The “secret Islamization” of Europe: Exploring integrated threat theory for predicting Islamophobic conspiracy stereotypes. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 10, 94–108. doi: 10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bulk, J. (2004). The relationship between television fiction and fear of crime: An empirical comparison of three causal explanations. European Journal of Communication, 19, 239–248. doi: 10.1177/0267323104042922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2002). Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience. Criminology, 40, 435–456. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00962.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumbo, B. D., Gadermann, A. M., & Zeisser, C. (2007). Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert rating scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6, 21–29. doi:10.22237/jmasm/1177992180
   Google Scholar