References
- Abdel-Fattah, R. (2020). Countering violent extremism, governmentality and Australian Muslim youth as ‘becoming terrorist. Journal of Sociology (Melbourne, Vic.), 56(3), 372–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783319842666
- Acedo-Carmona, C., & Gomila, A. (2014). Personal trust increases cooperation beyond general trust. PloS One, 9(8), e105559. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105559.
- Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1994). Observational techniques. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 377–392). Sage.
- Al-Yaqoubi, M. (2015). Refuting ISIS: A rebuttal of its religious and ideological foundations. Sacred Knowledge.
- Australia. Department of Parliamentary Services. Parliament of Victoria. (2018). Victorian Crime Statistics by LGAs. https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/publications/research-papers/send/36-research-papers/13871-victorian-crime-statistics-by-lgas.
- Awan, I. (2012). I am a Muslim not an extremist": How the Prevent strategy has constructed a "suspect" community. Politics & Policy (Statesboro, Ga.), 40(6), 1158–1185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00397.x
- Aziz, S. F. (2017). Losing the "war of ideas:" A critique of countering violent extremism programs. Texas International Law Journal, 52(2), 255–279.
- Barbari, N. (2018). Reconsidering CVE: The unintended consequences of countering violent extremism efforts in America. Homeland Security Affairs
- Becker, H. S. (1958). Problems of inference and proof in participant observation. American Sociological Review, 23(6), 652–660. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2089053
- Bernal, G., Bonilla, J., & Bellido, C. (1995). Ecological validity and cultural sensitivity for outcome research: Issues for the cultural adaptation and development of psychosocial treatments with Hispanics. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01447045.
- Beutel, A., William, B., Ballard, B., & Lee, C. (2016). Debates among Salafi Muslims about use of violence. START Summary Report. http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_DebatesAmongSalafiMuslimsAboutViolence_SummaryReport_May2017.pdf.
- Black, D. (1983). Crime as social control. American Sociological Review, 48(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2095143
- Boag-Munroe, G., & Evangelou, M. (2012). From hard to reach to how to reach: A systematic review of the literature on hard-to-reach families. Research Papers in Education, 27(2), 209–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2010.509515
- Bonevski, B., Randell, M., Paul, C., Chapman, K., Twyman, L., Bryant, J., … Hughes, C. (2014). Reaching the hard-to-reach: A systematic review of strategies for improving health and medical research with socially disadvantaged groups. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14(1), 42–42. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-42.
- Brancati, D. (2018). Social Scientific Research. Sage.
- Brennan Centre for Justice. (2019). Why countering violent extremism programs are bad policy. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/why-countering-violent-extremism-programs-are-bad-policy.
- Carling, J., Erdal, M. B., & Ezzati, R. (2014). Beyond the insider–outsider divide in migration research. Migration Studies, 2(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt022
- Centre for Child Wellbeing. (2011). Strength-based versus deficit-based approaches. https://fromhungertohealth.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/strengthsvsdeficitrb.pdf.
- Chambliss, W. J., & Golson, J. G. (2011). Crime and Criminal Behavior. Sage.
- Cherney, A., De Rooy, K., & Eggins, E. (2021). Mandatory participation in programs to counter violent extremism: A review of evidence for and against. Journal for Deradicalisation, 27, 1–33.
- Cherney, A., & Hartley, J. (2017). Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls. Policing and Society, 27(7), 750–763. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2015.1089871
- Cherney, A., & Murphy, K. (2016). Being a ‘suspect community’ in a post 9/11 world: The impact of the war on terror on Muslim communities in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(4), 480–496. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865815585392
- Davey, M. (2018, November 12). Bourke Street attack: Morrison accused of ‘scapegoating’ Muslim community. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/nov/12/bourke-street-attack-morrison-accused-of-scapegoating-muslim-community.
- Dawood, I. (2020). Who is a ‘Salafi’? Salafism and the politics of labelling in the UK. Journal of Muslims in Europe, 9(2), 240–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341416
- Di Napoli, I., Dolce, P., & Arcidiacono, C. (2019). Community trust: A social indicator related to community. Social Indicators Research, 145(2), 551–579. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02114-y
- Drury, J., & Stott, C. (2001). Bias as a research strategy in participant observation: The case of intergroup conflict. Field Methods, 13(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X0101300103
- Ellis, B. H., Lincoln, A. K., Abdi, S. M., Nimmons, E. A., Issa, O., & Decker, S. H. (2020). We all have stories”: Black Muslim immigrants’ experience with the police. Race and Justice, 10(3), 341–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718754638
- Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press.
- Esholdt, F. H., & Elmose Jørgensen, K. (2021). Emotional trials in terrorism research: Running risks when accessing Salafi-jihadist foreign fighter returnees and their social milieu. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1962500
- Gambetta, D. (2000). Can We Trust Trust? In D. Gambetta, Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations (pp. 213–237 Blackwell.
- Graham, J. R., Bradshaw, C., & Trew, J. L. (2009). Addressing cultural barriers with Muslim clients: An agency perspective. Administration in Social Work, 33(4), 387–406. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03643100903172950
- Grove, N. J., & Zwi, A. B. (2006). Our health and theirs: Forced migration, othering, and public health. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 62(8), 1931–1942. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.061.
- Hamdeh, E. (2016). Special issue on Salafism. The Muslim World, 106(3), 407–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12156
- Hardy, K. (2020). A crime prevention framework for CVE. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(3), 633–659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1727450
- Hartley, J. (2021). Counter terrorism community engagement: Pitfalls and opportunities. Routledge.
- Hartley, J., & Faris, N. (2020). Leadership legitimacy and a conundrum of justice between police and Muslim organizations in a climate of counter-terrorism within Australia. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 40(4), 635–649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2020.1836597.
- Hickman, M. J., Thomas, L., Nickels, H. C., & Silvestri, S. (2012). Social cohesion and the notion of ‘suspect communities’: A study of the experiences and impacts of being ‘suspect’ for Irish communities and Muslim communities in Britain. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 5(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2012.659915
- Hillyard, P. (1993). Suspect community: People’s experience of the prevention of terrorism acts in Britain. Pluto Press.
- Islamic Council of Victoria (2020). Islamophobia Position Statement. https://islamophobiasupport.icv.org.au/islamophobia-position-statement.
- Jensen, M. A., Atwell Seate, A., & James, P. A. (2020). Radicalization to violence: A pathway approach to studying extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(5), 1067–1090. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1442330
- Jones, C. R. (2019). Effective community engagement: Back to the basics to counter violent extremism and other youth crimes. In S. Jayakumar (Ed.), Terrorism, radicalisation and countering violent extremism: Practical considerations and concerns (pp. 29–42). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Karp, P. (2018). November 12). Morrison urges Muslim community to be more ‘proactive’ in tackling terrorism. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/nov/12/morrison-urges-muslim-community-to-be-more-proactive-in-tackling-terrorism.
- Kawulich, B. B. (2005). Participant observation as a data collection method. Forum, Qualitative Social Research, 6(2), Art. 43.
- Kelly, D., & Gibbons, M. (2008). Ethnography: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Medical Marketing, 8(4), 279–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/jmm.2008.18
- Kelly, P. (2003). Growing up as risky business? Risks, surveillance and the institutionalized mistrust of youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 6(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1367626032000110291
- Knox, E., Latif, A., Mohammadian, S., Malik, A., & Hussain, M. (2017). Overcoming the fear of the "other": Building trust between British Muslims and the wider community. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37(4), 470–480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2017.1405505
- Larsen, J. F. (2020). Talking about radicalization. Nordic Journal of Criminology, 21(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2578983X.2019.1685805
- McManus, C. (2020). Conceptualising Islamic “radicalisation” in Europe through “othering”: lessons from the conflict in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(2), 325–344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1368495
- Meneses-Falcón, C. (2021). Living in the brothel": Participant observation in hidden contexts. The Social Science Journal, 58(3), 271–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.010
- Miller, W. R., & Sovereign, R. G. (1989). The check-up: A model for early intervention in addictive behaviors. In T. Loberg, W. R. Miller, P. E. Nathan, & G. A. Marlatt (Eds.), Addictive Behaviors: Prevention and Early Intervention (pp. 219–231). Swets & Zeitlinger.
- Olsson, S. (2014). Proselytizing Islam - problematizing “Salafism. The Muslim World, 104(1-2), 171–197. http:// https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12046
- Pantazis, C., & Pemberton, S. (2009). From the old to the new suspect community: Examining the impacts of recent UK counter-terrorist legislation. British Journal of Criminology, 49(5), 646–666. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp031
- Pawelz, J. (2018). Researching gangs: How to reach hard-to-reach populations and negotiate tricky issues in the field. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(1) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-19.1.2878
- Pew Research Center (2012). The world’s Muslims: Unity and diversity. https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/.
- Psychology Council of NSW. What are my mandatory reporting obligations? https://www.psychologycouncil.nsw.gov.au/what-are-my-mandatory-reporting-obligations.
- Rachwani, M. (2017). February 16). Anatomy of a sell out: Why ISIS targets scholars for working with the government. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/16/anatomy-of-a-sell-out-why-isis-targets-scholars-for-their-engagement.
- Saeed, A. (2004). Muslim Australian’s: Their beliefs, practices, and institutions. https://religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au/upload/Muslim_Australians.pdf.
- Schensul, S. L., Schensul, J. J., & LeCompte, M. D. (1999). Essential ethnographic methods: Observations, interviews, and questionnaires. AltaMira Press.
- Seligmann, L. J., & Estes, B. P. (2020). Innovations in ethnographic methods. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(2), 176–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219859640
- Silva, D. M. D. (2017). The othering of Muslims: Discourses of radicalization in the New York Times, 1969–2014. Sociological Forum, 32(1), 138–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/SOCF.12321
- Skoczylis, J., & Andrews, S. (2020). A conceptual critique of prevent: Can Prevent be saved? no, but. Critical Social Policy, 40(3), 350–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018319840145
- Smerecnik, C. M. R., Schaalma, H., Kok, G., Meijer, S., & Poelman, J. (2010). An exploratory study of Muslim adolescents’ views on sexuality: Implications for sex education and prevention. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 533–533. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-533.
- Snyder, C. M. J., & Anderson, S. A. (2009). An examination of mandated versus voluntary referral as a determinant of clinical outcome. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 35(3), 278–292. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.002118.
- Spalek, B. (2014). Community engagement for counterterrorism in Britain: An exploration of the role of "connectors" in countering takfiri jihadist terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(10), 825–841. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.941436
- Spalek, B., & Lambert, R. (2008). Muslim communities, counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation: A critically reflective approach to engagement. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 36(4), 257–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2008.08.004
- Takyi, E. (2015). The challenge of involvement and detachment in participant observation. The Qualitative Report, 20(6), 864–872. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2164
- Thom, D. H., Hall, M. A., & Pawlson, L. G. (2004). Measuring patients’ trust in physicians when assessing quality of care. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 23(4), 124–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.124.
- Uldam, J., & McCurdy, P. (2013). Studying social movements: Challenges and opportunities for participant observation. Sociology Compass, 7(11), 941–951. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12081
- Walford, G. (2009). The practice of writing ethnographic fieldnotes. Ethnography and Education, 4(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17457820902972713
- Welkin, L. (2013). Who holds the key to your box? Trust, Safe Space, and Culture. Group (New York. 1977), 37(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13186/group.37.2.0155
- Wilkinson, D. L., Beaty, C. C., & Lurry, R. M. (2009). Youth violence: Crime or self-help? Marginalized urban males’ perspectives on the limited efficacy of the criminal justice system to stop youth violence. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208330484
- Yeo, R., & Dopson, S. (2018). Getting lost to be found: The insider–outsider paradoxes in relational ethnography. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 13(4), 333–355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-06-2017-1533
- Zannettino, L. (2013). Refugees, sexual and domestic violence and prior experiences of trauma: Introduction and context. In L. Zannettino, (Eds.), Improving responses to refugees with backgrounds of multiple trauma: Pointers for practitioners in domestic and family violence, sexual assault and settlement services, (pp. 5–10). Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse. https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2013-08/apo-nid35369.pdf.
- Zhao, M., & Ji, Y. (2014). Challenges of introducing participant observation to community health research. ISRN Nursing, 2014, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/802490