REFERENCES
- Adler , M. and Ziglio , E. 1996 . Gazing into the oracle , Bristol, PA : Jessica Kingsley .
- Becker , C. 1996 . Penetrating the surface of empowerment: A guide for teaching the empowerment concept to future hospitality managers . Hospitality Educator , 8 ( 4 ) : 35 – 47 .
- Berta , D. 2002 . Chains give notice, say GM workweek too long . Nation's Restaurant News , 36 ( 36 ) September : 1 – 18 .
- Berta, D. (2004). Survey: Link between economy, lower turnover rates—Human resources. Nation's Restaurant News http://www.findarticles.com (Accessed: 29 March 2004 ).
- Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006). The occupation outlook handbook http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos024.htm#outlook (Accessed: 28 December 2007 ).
- Darden Restaurants. (2006). Darden Restaurants annual report, 2006 http://www.dardenrestaurants.com/numbers/2005ar/11.asp (Accessed: 19 thNov 2006 ).
- DiPietro , R. B. , Murphy , K. S. , Rivera , M. and Muller , C. 2007 . Multi-unit management key success factors in the casual dining restaurant industry: A case study . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 19 ( 7 ) : 524 – 536 .
- Drucker , P. 1955 . The practice of management , London : Pan Books .
- Fitz-enz , J. and Phillips , J. J. 1998 . A new vision for human resources: Defining the human resources function by its results , Menlo Park, CA : Crisp Learning .
- Frumkin , P. 2007 . Labor issues top of mind at DIRONA educational conference . Nation's Restaurant News , 9 ( 24 ) : 4 – 6 .
- GDI. (2006). Growth, development & control https://www.gdi.ch/Agenda.15.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=1&tx_eventxl_pi1[showUid]
- Ghiselli , R. , LaLopa , J. and Bai , B. Job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intent of foodservice managers . Paper presented at the conference of Council on Hotel Restaurant Institutional Education . New Orleans, LA.
- Ghiselli , R. , LaLopa , J. and Bai , B. 2001 . Job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intent: Among food-service managers . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 42 ( 2 ) : 28 – 37 .
- Goss-Turner , S. 1999 . The role of the multi-unit manager in branded hospitality chains . Human Resource Management Journal , 9 ( 4 ) : 39 – 57 .
- Gunasekaran , A. , Love , P. , Rahimi , F. and Miele , R. 2001 . A model for investment justification in information technology projects . International Journal of Information Management , 21 ( 5 ) : 349 – 364 .
- Hickton, M. (2000). David versus Goliath. National Restaurant Association Restaurant Report http://www.restaurantreport.com/features/ft_davidvsgoliath.html (Accessed: 1 October 2001 ).
- Hom , P. and Griffeth , R. 1991 . A structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 : 350 – 366 .
- Hom , P. and Kinicki , A. J. 2001 . Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover . Academy of Management Journal , 44 ( 5 ) : 975 – 987 .
- International Labour Organization. (1997). Labor force statistics. Paper presented at the 85th International Labour Conference http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc85/gb-rep.htm (Accessed: 1 October 2001 ).
- King , P. 2000 . Elliot conference addresses industry's concerns about shrinking labor pool . Nation's Restaurant News , 34 ( 17 ) : 6
- Lashley , C. Employee empowerment in Harvester Restaurants . Paper presented at the Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry Conference . London. February .
- Lawler , E. E. 1981 . Determining total compensation: Strategic issues, pay and organization development , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
- Lawler , E. E. 1987 . The design of effective reward systems , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Mcfillen , J. , Riegel , C. and Enz , C. 1986 . Why restaurant managers quit (and how to keep them) . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 27 ( 3 ) November : 36 – 43 .
- Mobley , W. H. 1982 . Employee turnover: Causes, consequences, and control , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
- Muller , C. C. 1999 . The business of restaurants: 2001 and beyond . Hospitality Management , 18 ( 4 ) : 31 – 38 .
- Muller , C. C. and Campbell , D. F. 1995 . The attributes and attitudes of multi-unit managers in a national quick-service restaurant firm . Hospitality Research Journal , 19 ( 2 ) : 3 – 19 .
- Muller , C. C. and Woods , R. H. 1994 . An expanded restaurant typology . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 35 ( 3 ) : 27 – 37 .
- Murphy , K. S. and DiPietro , R. B. 2005 . Management compensation as a value-adding competitive method for casual theme restaurants . FIU Hospitality Review , 22 ( 2 ) : 121 – 134 .
- Murphy , K. S. and Williams , J. A. 2004 . The impact of compensation on the turnover intentions of Outback Steakhouse managers . Journal of Foodservice Business Research , 7 ( 1 ) : 62 – 68 .
- National Restaurant Association. (2005). Restaurant industry 2005 fact sheet http://www.restaurant.or/pdfs/research/2005 factsheet.pdf (Accessed: 5 May 2005 ).
- National Restaurant Association. (2006). State of the restaurant industry workforce: An overview http://www.restaurant.org/pdfs/research/workforce_overview.pdf (Accessed: 9 January 2007 ).
- National Restaurant Association. (2007). 2007 restaurant industry forecast http://www.restaurant.org/pressroom/pressrelease.cfm?ID=1348 (Accessed: 9 January 2007 ).
- Nunnally , J. 1978 . Psychometric theory , 2nd , New York : McGraw-Hill .
- Olsen , M. D. Environmental forces, competitive methods and industry performance—A study of multinational chains in the hotel industry, into the new millennium: The white paper on the global hospitality industry . Paper presented at the International Hotel and Restaurant Association . Paris. August .
- Olsen , M. D. and Sharma , A. Forces driving change in the casual theme restaurant industry . Paper presented at the International Hotel and Restaurant Association . Paris. May .
- Papiernik , R. 1999 . National Restaurant Association: Restaurant industry 2010, the road ahead . Nation's Restaurant News , 33 ( 44 ) : 1 – 6 .
- Patil , P. and Chung , B. G. 1998 . Changes in multi-unit restaurant compensation packages . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 39 ( 3 ) June : 45 – 53 .
- People Report. (2006). Proceedings of the 11th annual Best Practices Conference, Dallas, TX http://www.peoplereport.com/2006 bestpractice_conf.asp
- Petrick , G. 1998 . Lonely at the top: Women food-service executives . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 39 ( 3 ) : 54 – 59 .
- Pine , B. 2000 . Lending a hand . Restaurants USA , 20 ( 3 ) April : 31 – 35 .
- Prewitt , M. 2000 . Studies find operators create employee turnover problem . Nation's Restaurant News , 34 ( 36 ) September : 8
- Prewitt , M. 2000 . MUFSO 2000: Conference probes labor recruitment woes, solutions . Nation's Restaurant News , 34 ( 41 ) October : 1 – 6 .
- Raleigh , P. R. 1998 . Employee theft and turnover not inevitable . Nation's Restaurant News , 32 ( 18 ) : 46 – 114 .
- Simons , R. 1995 . Control in an age of empowerment . Harvard Business Review , March–April : 80 – 88 .
- Steers , R. M. and Porter , L. 1991 . Motivation and work behavior , New York : McGraw-Hill .
- Tabacchi , M. H. , Krone , C. and Farber , B. 1990 . A support system to mitigate manager burnout . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 31 ( 3 ) : 32 – 37 .
- Umbreit , W. T. 1989 . Multi-unit management: Managing at a distance . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 30 : 53 – 59 .
- Umbreit , W. T. 2001 . “ Study of the changing role of multi-unit managers in quick service restaurant segment ” . In Quick service restaurants, franchising and multi-unit chain management , Edited by: Parsa , H. G. and Kwansa , F. A. 225 – 238 . New York : The Haworth Hospitality Press .
- Umbreit , W. T. and Smith , D. I. 1991 . A study of the opinions and practices of successful multi-unit fast service restaurant managers . The Hospitality Research Journal , 14 : 451 – 458 .
- Van Houten , B. 1997 . A piece of the pie . Restaurant Business , 96 ( 13 ) : 1
- Wasmuth , W. J. and Davis , S. W. 1983 . Managing employee turnover: Why employees leave . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 24 ( 2 ) May : 65 – 75 .
- Weick , K. E. 1989 . Theory construction as a disciplined imagination . The Academy of Management Review , 14 ( 4 ) : 516
- Yin , R. K. 2003 . Case study research, design and methods , 3rd , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .