Metformin inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth through upregulation of PEDF expression

References

• Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64:9-29; PMID:24399786; http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozney JL, Antonarakis ES. Growth factor and signaling pathways and their relevance to prostate cancer therapeutics. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2014; 33:581-94; PMID:24402967; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-013-9475-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yang Y, Gan R, Zhao L, Li W, Zhou H, Wang X, Lu J, Meng QH. Down-regulation of mir-221 and mir-222 restrain prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration that is partly mediated by activation of SIRT1. PloS One 2014; 9:e98833; PMID:24892674; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098833
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, Peters AL, Tsapas A, Wender R, Matthews DR. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:140-9; PMID:25538310; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw RJ, Lamia KA, Vasquez D, Koo SH, Bardeesy N, Depinho RA, Montminy M, Cantley LC. The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in liver and therapeutic effects of metformin. Science 2005; 310:1642-6; PMID:16308421; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1120781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunton JE, Delhanty PJ, Takahashi S, Baxter RC. Metformin rapidly increases insulin receptor activation in human liver and signals preferentially through insulin-receptor substrate-2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:1323-32; PMID:12629126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak M. Potential applications for biguanides in oncology. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3693-700; PMID:23999444; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI67232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JM, Donnelly LA, Emslie-Smith AM, Alessi DR, Morris AD. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients. BMJ 2005; 330:1304-5; PMID:15849206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38415.708634.F7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie CJ, Poole CD, Jenkins-Jones S, Gale EA, Johnson JA, Morgan CL. Mortality after incident cancer in people with and without type 2 diabetes: impact of metformin on survival. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:299-304; PMID:22266734; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston MA, Riis AH, Ehrenstein V, Breau RH, Batista JL, Olumi AF, Mucci LA, Adami HO, Sorensen HT. Metformin use and prostate cancer risk. Eur Urol 2014; 66:1012-20; PMID:24857538; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Sahra I, Regazzetti C, Robert G, Laurent K, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Auberger P, Tanti JF, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Bost F. Metformin, independent of AMPK, induces mTOR inhibition and cell-cycle arrest through REDD1. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4366-72; PMID:21540236; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loubiere C, Goiran T, Laurent K, Djabari Z, Tanti JF, Bost F. Metformin-induced energy deficiency leads to the inhibition of lipogenesis in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15652-61; PMID:26002551; http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu G, Tong D, Parmar H, Hasenmayer D, Yuan W, Zhang D, Jiang J. Metformin represses androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancers by targeting androgen receptor. Prostate 2015; 75:1187-96; PMID:25894097; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.23000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filleur S, Nelius T, de Riese W, Kennedy RC. Characterization of PEDF: a multi-functional serpin family protein. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:769-75; PMID:19180572; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.22072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll JA, Stellmach VM, Bouck NP, Bergh AR, Lee C, Abramson LP, Cornwell ML, Pins MR, Borensztajn J, Crawford SE. Pigment epithelium-derived factor regulates the vasculature and mass of the prostate and pancreas. Nat Med 2003; 9:774-80; PMID:12740569; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becerra SP, Notario V. The effects of PEDF on cancer biology: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:258-71; PMID:23486238; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch J, Johnson CL, Nelius T, Kennedy R, Riese W, Filleur S. PEDF inhibits IL8 production in prostate cancer cells through PEDF receptor/phospholipase A2 and regulation of NFkappaB and PPARgamma. Cytokine 2011; 55:202-10; PMID:21570865; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Yao YC, Fang SH, Ma CQ, Cen Y, Xu ZM, Dai ZY, Li C, Li S, Zhang T, et al. Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF)-triggered lung cancer cell apoptosis relies on p53 protein-driven Fas ligand (Fas-L) up-regulation and Fas protein cell surface translocation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30785-99; PMID:25225287; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.590000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konson A, Pradeep S, D'Acunto CW, Seger R. Pigment epithelium-derived factor and its phosphomimetic mutant induce JNK-dependent apoptosis and p38-mediated migration arrest. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3540-51; PMID:21059648; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.151548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akin S, Aksoy DY, Cinar N, Aydin K, Karaagaoglu E, Ariyurek M, Gulcelik NE, Usman A, Gurlek A. Pigment epithelium-derived factor increases in type 2 diabetes after treatment with metformin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:852-6; PMID:22248012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04341.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HC, Kachingwe BH, Lin HL, Cheng HW, Uang YS, Wang LH. Effects of metformin dose on cancer risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-year follow-up study. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34:36-45; PMID:23864581; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phar.1334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirat B, Ader I, Golzio M, Massa F, Mettouchi A, Laurent K, Larbret F, Malavaud B, Cormont M, Lemichez E, et al. Inhibition of the GTPase Rac1 mediates the antimigratory effects of metformin in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:586-96; PMID:25527635; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi H, Kato K, Iwama H, Maeda E, Sakamoto T, Fujita K, Toyota Y, Tani J, Nomura T, Mimura S, et al. Effect of the anti-diabetic drug metformin in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:322-32; PMID:24806290; http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi G, He Z, Zhou X, Xian L, Yuan T, Jia X, Hong J, He L, Liu J. Low concentration of metformin induces a p53-dependent senescence in hepatoma cells via activation of the AMPK pathway. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1503-10; PMID:23982736; http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Sahra I, Laurent K, Loubat A, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Colosetti P, Auberger P, Tanti JF, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Bost F. The antidiabetic drug metformin exerts an antitumoral effect in vitro and in vivo through a decrease of cyclin D1 level. Oncogene 2008; 27:3576-86; PMID:18212742; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1211024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filleur S, Volz K, Nelius T, Mirochnik Y, Huang H, Zaichuk TA, Aymerich MS, Becerra SP, Yap R, Veliceasa D, et al. Two functional epitopes of pigment epithelial-derived factor block angiogenesis and induce differentiation in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5144-52; PMID:15958558; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigel GM, Tombran-Tink J, Becerra SP, Chader GJ, Diloreto DA, Jr., del Cerro C, Lazar ES, del Cerro M. Differentiation of Y79 retinoblastoma cells with pigment epithelial-derived factor and interphotoreceptor matrix wash: effects on tumorigenicity. Growth Factors 1994; 10:289-97; PMID:7803045; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08977199409010995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelius T, Samathanam C, Martinez-Marin D, Gaines N, Stevens J, Hickson J, de Riese W, Filleur S. Positive correlation between PEDF expression levels and macrophage density in the human prostate. Prostate 2013; 73:549-61; PMID:23038613; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.22595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halin S, Wikstrom P, Rudolfsson SH, Stattin P, Doll JA, Crawford SE, Bergh A. Decreased pigment epithelium-derived factor is associated with metastatic phenotype in human and rat prostate tumors. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5664-71; PMID:15313905; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Guo Y, Chen S, Zhong C, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Lai X, Wei Y, Yu S, Zhang J, et al. Metformin enhances tamoxifen-mediated tumor growth inhibition in ER-positive breast carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:172; PMID:24612549; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar