References
- Pavlidis N. The diagnostic and therapeutic management of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Ann Oncol. 2004; 15(Suppl 4):iv285–291. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh941.
- Beauchesne P. Intrathecal chemotherapy for treatment of leptomeningeal dissemination of metastatic tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11(9):871–879. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70034-6.
- Liao BC, Lee JH, Lin CC, Chen YF, Chang CH, Ho CC, Shih JY, Yu CJ, Yang JC. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for non-small-cell lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. J Thorac Oncol. 2015; 10(12):1754–1761. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000669.
- Li YS, Jiang BY, Yang JJ, Tu HY, Zhou Q, Guo WB, Yan HH, Wu YL. Leptomeningeal metastases in patients with NSCLC with EGFR mutations. J Thorac Oncol. 2016; 11(11):1962–1969. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.06.029.
- Iuchi T, Shingyoji M, Itakura M, Yokoi S, Moriya Y, Tamura H, Yoshida Y, Ashinuma H, Kawasaki K, Hasegawa Y, et al. Frequency of brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer, and their association with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Int J Clin Oncol. 2015; 20(4):674–679. doi:10.1007/s10147-014-0760-9.
- Remon J, Le Rhun E, Besse B. 2017. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients: A continuing challenge in the personalized treatment era. Cancer Treat Rev. 53:128–137. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.12.006.
- Hyun JW, Jeong IH, Joung A, Cho HJ, Kim SH, Kim HJ. 2016. Leptomeningeal metastasis: clinical experience of 519 cases. Eur J Cancer. 56:107–114. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.12.021.
- Grossman SA, Krabak MJ. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Cancer Treat Rev. 1999; 25(2):103–119. doi:10.1053/ctrv.1999.0119.
- Yang JCH, Kim DW, Kim SW Osimertinib activity in patients (pts) with leptomeningeal (LM) disease from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Updated results from BLOOM, a phase I study. 2016.
- Mack F, Baumert BG, Schafer N, Hattingen E, Scheffler B, Herrlinger U, Glas M. 2016. Therapy of leptomeningeal metastasis in solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev. 43:83–91. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.12.004.
- Waki F, Ando M, Takashima A, Yonemori K, Nokihara H, Miyake M, Tateishi U, Tsuta K, Shimada Y, Fujiwara Y, et al. Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors. J Neurooncol. 2009; 93(2):205–212. doi:10.1007/s11060-008-9758-3.
- Brower JV, Saha S, Rosenberg SA, Hullett CR, Ian Robins H. 2016. Management of leptomeningeal metastases: prognostic factors and associated outcomes. J Clin Neurosci. 27:130–137. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2015.11.012.
- Morris PG, Reiner AS, Szenberg OR, Clarke JL, Panageas KS, Perez HR, Kris MG, Chan TA, DeAngelis LM, Omuro AM. Leptomeningeal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: survival and the impact of whole brain radiotherapy. J Thorac Oncol. 2012; 7(2):382–385. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182398e4f.
- Pan Z, Yang G, He H, Zhao G, Yuan T, Li Y, Shi W, Gao P, Dong L, Li Y. Concurrent radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate for treating leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors with adverse prognostic factors: A prospective and single-arm study. Int J Cancer. 2016; doi: 10.1002/ijc.30214.
- Seto T, Kato T, Nishio M, Goto K, Atagi S, Hosomi Y, Yamamoto N, Hida T, Maemondo M, Nakagawa K, et al. Erlotinib alone or with bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations (JO25567): an open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(11):1236–1244. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70381-X.
- Togashi Y, Masago K, Masuda S, Mizuno T, Fukudo M, Ikemi Y, Sakamori Y, Nagai H, Kim YH, Katsura T, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of gefitinib and erlotinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2012; 70(3):399–405. doi:10.1007/s00280-012-1929-4.
- Lee E, Keam B, Kim DW, Kim TM, Lee SH, Chung DH, Heo DS. Erlotinib versus gefitinib for control of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2013; 8(8):1069–1074. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318294c8e8.
- Hoffknecht P, Tufman A, Wehler T, Pelzer T, Wiewrodt R, Schutz M, Serke M, Stohlmacher-Williams J, Marten A, Maria Huber R, et al. Efficacy of the irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-pretreated non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases or leptomeningeal disease. J Thorac Oncol. 2015; 10(1):156–163. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000380.
- Nanjo S, Ebi H, Arai S, Takeuchi S, Yamada T, Mochizuki S, Okada Y, Nakada M, Murakami T, Yano S. High efficacy of third generation EGFR inhibitor AZD9291 in a leptomeningeal carcinomatosis model with EGFR-mutant lung cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(4):3847–3856. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6758.
- Remon J, Planchard D. AZD9291 in EGFR-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Future Oncol. 2015; 11(22):3069–3081. doi:10.2217/fon.15.250.
- Yang JC-H, Kim D-W, Kim S-W, Cho BC, Lee J-S, Ye X, Yin X, Yang Z, Jiang H, Ahn M-J. Osimertinib activity in patients (pts) with leptomeningeal (LM) disease from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): updated results from BLOOM, a phase I study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):9002.
- Sone T, Kasahara K, Shirasaki H, Amino Y, Nishi K, Kurokawa K, Kita T, Araya T, Yoneda T, Tanimura K, et al. A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to advanced non-small cell cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) with central nerve system (CNS) metastasis. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36: abstr e21042.
- Herrlinger U, Wiendl H, Renninger M, Forschler H, Dichgans J, Weller M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in leptomeningeal metastasis: diagnostic and prognostic value. Br J Cancer. 2004; 91(2):219–224. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601953.
- Kato T, Seto T, Nishio M, Goto K, Yamamoto N, Okamoto I, Tao L, Yu W, Khaznadar T, Tajima K, et al. Erlotinib Plus Bevacizumab Phase ll Study in Patients with Advanced Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer (JO25567): Updated Safety Results. Drug Saf. 2018; 41(2):229–237. doi:10.1007/s40264-017-0596-0.