Obesity and metabolic syndrome related macrophage promotes PD-L1 expression in TNBC through IL6/JAK/STAT pathway and can be reversed by telmisartan

References

• Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ. 2011. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 29:235–271. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, Roche PC, Lu J, Zhu G, Tamada K, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med. 2002;8(8):793–800. doi:10.1038/nm730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I, Halwani A, Scott EC, Gutierrez M, Schuster SJ, Millenson MM, Cattry D, Freeman GJ, et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Eng J Med. 2015;372(4):311–319. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A, Hamid O, Daud A, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD, Kefford R, Joshua AM, Patnaik A, Hwu W-J, Weber JS, et al. Association of pembrolizumab with tumor response and survival among patients with advanced melanoma. Jama. 2016;315(15):1600–1609. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, Gottfried M, Peled N, Tafreshi A, Cuffe S, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med. 2016;375(19):1823–1833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Wargo JA, Ribas A. 2017. Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Cell. 168(4):707–723. doi10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA. 2011. Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 121(7):2750–2767. doi10.1172/jci45014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. 2010. Triple-negative breast cancer. N Eng J Med. 363(20):1938–1948. doi10.1056/NEJMra1001389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittendorf EA, Philips AV, Meric-Bernstam F, Qiao N, Wu Y, Harrington S, Su X, Wang Y, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Akcakanat A, et al. PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(4):361–370. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra A, Khurana L. 2008. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93(11_supplement_1):s9–s30. doi10.1210/jc.2008-1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. 2013. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 9(1):13–27. doi10.1038/nrendo.2012.199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiralerspong S, Goodwin PJ. 2016. Obesity and breast cancer prognosis: evidence, challenges, and opportunities. J Clin Oncol. 34(35):4203–4216. doi10.1200/jco.2016.68.4480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widschwendter P, Friedl TW, Schwentner L, DeGregorio N, Jaeger B, Schramm A, Bekes I, Deniz M, Lato K, Weissenbacher T, et al. 2015. The influence of obesity on survival in early, high-risk breast cancer: results from the randomized SUCCESS A trial. Breast Cancer Res. 17:129. doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0639-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noy R, Pollard JW. 2014. Tumor-associated macrophages: from mechanisms to therapy. Immunity. 41(1):49–61. doi10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.010..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castoldi A, de Souza CN, Camara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. 2016. The macrophage switch in obesity development. Front Immunol. 6. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhargava P, Lee CH. 2012. Role and function of macrophages in the metabolic syndrome. Biochem J. 442:253–262. doi:10.1042/bj20111708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI, Chittiboyina A, Desai P, Pravenec M, Qi NN, Wang JM, Avery MA, Kurtz TW. 2004. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPAR gamma-modulating activity. Hypertension. 43(5):993–1002. doi10.1161/01.hyp.0000123072.34629.57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisaka S, Usui I, Kanatani Y, Ikutani M, Takasaki I, Tsuneyama K, Tabuchi Y, Bukhari A, Yamazaki Y, Suzuki H, et al. Telmisartan improves insulin resistance and modulates adipose tissue macrophage polarization in high-fat-fed mice. Endocrinology. 2011;152(5):1789–1799. doi:10.1210/en.2010-1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H, Goto SN, Umemoto T. 2013. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res. 36(4):368–373. doi10.1038/hr.2012.196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo D, Wan X, Liu J, Tong T. 2018. Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range. Stat Methods Med Res. 27(6):1785–1805. doi10.1177/0962280216669183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman M, Craft B, Hastie M, Repečka K, Kamath A, McDade F, Rogers D, Brooks AN, Zhu J, Haussler D. The UCSC xena platform for public and private cancer genomics data visualization and interpretation. bioRxiv. 2019;326470. doi:10.1101/326470.
   Google Scholar
• Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, Junge A, Wyder S, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Doncheva NT, Morris JH, Bork P, et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D607–d613. doi:10.1093/nar/gky1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, Amin N, Schwikowski B, Ideker T. 2003. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13(11):2498–2504. doi10.1101/gr.1239303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criteria of weight for adults. National healthy commission of the People’s Republic of China. Volume WS/T 428–2013; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC Jr., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American heart association/national heart, lung, and blood institute scientific statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–2752. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, Fine GD, Hamid O, Gordon MS, Sosman JA, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Gettinger SN, et al. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature. 2014;515(7528):563–567. doi:10.1038/nature14011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savanur MA, Eligar SM, Pujari R, Chen C, Mahajan P, Borges A, Shastry P, Ingle A, Kalraiya RD, Swamy BM, et al. Sclerotium rolfsii lectin induces stronger inhibition of proliferation in human breast cancer cells than normal human mammary epithelial cells by induction of cell apoptosis. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e110107. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Z. 2012. The use of THP-1 cells as a model for mimicking the function and regulation of monocytes and macrophages in the vasculature. Atherosclerosis. 221(1):2–11. doi10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanput W, Mes JJ, Wichers HJ. 2014. THP-1 cell line: an in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach. Int Immunopharmacol. 23(1):37–45. doi10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng ZY, Cong Z, Li X, Xue J, Wei Q. Comparison of the effects of different treatments on THP-1 cell differentiation. Chin J Comp Med. 2017;27(9):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Li M, Liu P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang S, Song Y, Yin Y, Gao L, Cheng S, et al. Telmisartan ameliorates nephropathy in metabolic syndrome by reducing leptin release from perirenal adipose tissue. Hypertension. 2016;68(2):478–490. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu C, Li J, Zhu Y, Sun H, Zhao H, Shao B, Li Y. 2011. Effects of aluminum exposure on the adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis capacity of peritoneal macrophages in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 144(1–3):1032–1038. doi10.1007/s12011-011-9088-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CP, Su YC, Lee PH, Lei HY. 2013. Targeting NFKB by autophagy to polarize hepatoma-associated macrophage differentiation. Autophagy. 9(4):619–621. doi10.4161/auto.23546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng T, Lyon CJ, Bergin S, Caligiuri MA, Hsueh WA. 2016. Obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 11:421–449. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. 2016. Int Agcy Res Canc H. Body fatness and cancer - viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Eng J Med. 375(8):794–798. doi10.1056/NEJMsr1606602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization) Health topics: obesity. [ accessed 2019 Aug 30]. https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/.
   Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health (NIH), Classification of Overweight and Obesity by BMI, Waist Circumference, and Associated Disease Risks. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; [ accessed 2019 Aug 30]. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmi_dis.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. 2005. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 365(9468):1415–1428. doi10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66378-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saklayen MG. 2018. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 20(2):12. doi10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dill EA. PD-L1 expression and intratumoral heterogeneity across breast cancer subtypes and stages an assessment of 245 primary and 40 metastatic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:334–342. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, Taghadosi M, Esmaeili SA, Mardani F, Seifi B, Mohammadi A, Afshari JT, Sahebkar A. 2018. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol. 233(9):6425–6440. doi10.1002/jcp.26429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon SR, Maute RL, Dulken BW, Hutter G, George BM, McCracken MN, Gupta R, Tsai JM, Sinha R, Corey D, et al. PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity. Nature. 2017;545(7655):495–499. doi:10.1038/nature22396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura H, Ishibashi M, Yamashita T, Tanosaki S, Okuyama N, Kondo A, Hyodo H, Shinya E, Takahashi H, Dong H, et al. Marrow stromal cells induce B7-H1 expression on myeloma cells, generating aggressive characteristics in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2013;27(2):464–472. doi:10.1038/leu.2012.213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ZC, Poage GM, den Hollander P, Tsimelzon A, Hill J, Panupinthu N, Zhang Y, Mazumdar A, Hilsenbeck SG, Mills GB, et al. Growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells relies upon coordinate autocrine expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Cancer Res. 2013;73(11):3470–3480. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4524-T.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SO, Li CW, Xia W, Cha JH, Chan LC, Wu Y, Chang SS, Lin WC, Hsu JM, Hsu YH, et al. Deubiquitination and stabilization of PD-L1 by CSN5. Cancer Cell. 2016;30(6):925–939. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein MR, Almeida AS, Eberhardt A, Egeblad M. Cancer cell expression of CCR2 regulates the PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint in breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2016;4(1). doi:10.1158/2326-6074.Cricimteatiaacr15-a063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellucci R, Martin A, Bommarito D, Wang K, Hansen SH, Freeman GJ, Ritz J. 2015. Interferon-gamma-induced activation of JAK1 and JAK2 suppresses tumor cell susceptibility to NK cells through upregulation of PD-L1 expression. Oncoimmunology. 4(6):e1008824. doi10.1080/2162402X.2015.1008824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wensveen FM, Jelencic V, Valentic S, Sestan M, Wensveen TT, Theurich S, Glasner A, Mendrila D, Stimac D, Wunderlich FT, et al. NK cells link obesity-induced adipose stress to inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(4):376–385. doi:10.1038/ni.3120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar