Activated tyrosine kinases in gastrointestinal stromal tumor with loss of KIT oncoprotein expression

References

• Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach. Hum Pathol. 2002;33:459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corless CL, Fletcher JA, Heinrich MC. Biology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3813–3825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998;279:577–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing A, et al. PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 2003;299:708–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nannini M, Astolfi A, Paterini P, et al. Expression of IGF-1 receptor in KIT/PDGF receptor-alpha wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors with succinate dehydrogenase complex dysfunction. Future Oncol. 2013;9:121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killian JK, Miettinen M, Walker RL, et al. Recurrent epimutation of SDHC in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:268ra177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuveson DA, Willis NA, Jacks T, et al. STI571 inactivation of the gastrointestinal stromal tumor c-KIT oncoprotein: biological and clinical implications. Oncogene. 2001;20:5054–5058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich MC, Maki RG, Corless CL, et al. Primary and secondary kinase genotypes correlate with the biological and clinical activity of sunitinib in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:5352–5359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay JY, Bonvalot S, Casali P, et al. Consensus meeting for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Report of the GIST Consensus Conference of 20-21 March 2004, under the auspices of ESMO. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:566–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Blanke CD, et al. Molecular correlates of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4764–4774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Kuang Y, Qiu H, et al. Dual Targeting of Insulin Receptor and KIT in Imatinib-Resistant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Cancer Res. 2017;77:5107–5117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher JA, Corless CL, Dimitrijevic S, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate (IM) in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:815.
   Google Scholar
• Debiec-Rychter M, Cools J, Dumez H, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and activity of the PKC412 inhibitor against imatinib-resistant mutants. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:270–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer S, Hartmann JT, de Wit M, et al. Resection of residual disease in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors responding to treatment with imatinib. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:316–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadevan D, Cooke L, Riley C, et al. A novel tyrosine kinase switch is a mechanism of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene. 2007;26:3909–3919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadevan D, Theiss N, Morales C, et al. Novel receptor tyrosine kinase targeted combination therapies for imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Oncotarget. 2015;6:1954–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duensing A, Medeiros F, McConarty B, et al. Mechanisms of oncogenic KIT signal transduction in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Oncogene. 2004;23:3999–4006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer S, Duensing A, Demetri GD, et al. KIT oncogenic signaling mechanisms in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor: PI3-kinase/AKT is a crucial survival pathway. Oncogene. 2007;26:7560–7568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corless CL, Schroeder A, Griffith D, et al. PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: frequency, spectrum and in vitro sensitivity to imatinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5357–5364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi F, Ehlers I, Agosti V, et al. Oncogenic Kit signaling and therapeutic intervention in a mouse model of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:12843–12848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu MJ, Ou WB, Fletcher CD, et al. KIT oncoprotein interactions in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: therapeutic relevance. Oncogene. 2007;26:6386–6395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetri GD, Reichardt P, Kang YK, et al. Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paez JG, Jänne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science. 2004;304:1497–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2129–2139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sequist LV, Bell DW, Lynch TJ, et al. Molecular predictors of response to epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:587–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmel A, Glitz D, Kraus A, et al. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase expression in human lung cancer cell lines correlates with cellular adhesion. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2264–2274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varnum BC, Young C, Elliott G, et al. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase stimulated by the vitamin K-dependent protein encoded by growth-arrest-specific gene 6. Nature. 1995;373:623–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven RJ, Xu LH, Weiner TM, et al. Receptor tyrosine kinases expressed in metastatic colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 1995;60:791–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob AN, Kalapurakal J, Davidson WR, et al. A receptor tyrosine kinase, UFO/ Axl,and other genes isolated by a modified differential display PCR are overexpressed in metastatic prostatic carcinoma cell line DU145. Cancer Detect Prev. 1999;23:325–332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito T, Ito M, Naito S, et al. Expression of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase in human thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 1999;9:563–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meric F, Lee WP, Sahin A, et al. Expression profile of tyrosine kinases in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quong RY, Bickford ST, Ing YL, et al. Protein kinases in normal and transformed melanocytes. Melanoma Res. 1994;4:313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou WB, Corson JM, Flynn DL, et al. AXL regulates mesothelioma proliferation and invasiveness. Oncogene. 2011;30:1643–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirane A, Ludwig KF, Sorrelle N, et al. Warfarin blocks Gas6-mediated axl activation required for pancreatic cancer epithelial plasticity and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3699–3705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May CD, Garnett J, Ma X, et al. AXL is a potential therapeutic target in dedifferentiated and pleomorphic liposarcomas. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rea K, Pinciroli P, Sensi M, et al. Novel Axl-driven signaling pathway and molecular signature characterize high-grade ovarian cancer patients with poor clinical outcome. Oncotarget. 2015;6:30859–30875.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de PA, Luo Z, Gerarduzzi C, et al. AXL receptor signalling suppresses p53 in melanoma through stabilization of the MDMX-MDM2 complex. J Mol Cell Biol. 2017;9:154–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battle TE, Frank DA. The role of STATs in apoptosis. Curr Mol Med. 2002;2:381–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HS, Lee MS. STAT1 as a key modulator of cell death. Cell Signal. 2007;19:454–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend PA, Scarabelli TM, Davidson SM, et al. STAT-1 interacts with p53 to enhance DNA damage-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:5811–5820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman RM. Orthotopic metastatic mouse models for anticancer drug discovery and evaluation: a bridge to the clinic. Invest New Drugs. 1999;17:343–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman RM. Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts: better mimic of metastasis than subcutaneous xenografts. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15:451–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman WB, Tsongalis GJ. Patient-derived mouse models of cancer. Molecular and translational medicine. Series eds.  Switzerland: Springer Intl. Publishing AG; 2017. ISSN: 2197-7852.
   Google Scholar
• Miyake K, Kawaguchi K, Kiyuna T, et al. Regorafenib regresses an imatinib-resistant recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with a mutation in exons 11 and 17 of c-kit in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model. Cell Cycle. 2018;17:722–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou WB, Zhu MJ, Demetri GD, et al. Protein kinase C-theta regulates KIT expression and proliferation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene. 2008;27:5624–5634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin BP, Singer S, Tsao C, et al. KIT activation is a ubiquitous feature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. 2001;61:8118–8121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malard V, Berenguer F, Prat O, et al. Global gene expression profiling in human lung cells exposed to cobalt. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Théou N, Tabone S, Saffroy R, et al. High expression of both mutant and wild-type alleles of c-kit in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1688:250–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar