tPA promotes the proliferation of lung fibroblasts and activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

References

• Selman M, King TE, Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:136–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer KC. Pulmonary fibrosis, part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. J Expert Rev Respir Med. 2017;11:343–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swigris JJ, Kuschner WG, Kelsey JL, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: challenges and opportunities for the clinician and investigator. Chest. 2005;127:275–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley B, Collard HR, King TE Jr. Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgalla G, Biffi A, Richeldi L. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis, epidemiology and natural history. Respirology. 2016;21:427–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richeldi L, Du Bois RM, Raghu G, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2071–2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishaba T, Nagano H, Nei Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients according to their smoking status. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8:1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thabut G, Christie JD, Ravaud P, et al. Survival after bilateral versus single-lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:767–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan SH. Biology of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:334–337.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KING JR TE, Schwarz MI, Brown K, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relationship between histopathologic features and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1025–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson AG, Fulford LG, Colby TV, et al. The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Structure and function of the plasminogen/plasmin system. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;93:647–654.
   Google Scholar
• Yang J, Shultz RW, Mars WM, et al. Disruption of tissue-type plasminogen activator gene in mice reduces renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:1525–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu K, Yang J, Tanaka S, et al. Tissue-type plasminogen activator acts as a cytokine that triggers intracellular signal transduction and induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:2120–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. Renal fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics. J Kidney Int. 2006;69:213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clevers H. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and disease. J Cell. 2006;127:469–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clevers H, Nusse R. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and disease. J Cell. 2012;149:1192–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald BT, Tamai K, He X. Wnt/β-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases. J Dev Cell. 2009;17:9–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pongracz JE, Stockley RA. Wnt signalling in lung development and diseases. Respir Res. 2006;7:15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Xiao L, Sun L, et al. Wnt/β-catenin signaling: a promising new target for fibrosis diseases. J Physiol Res. 2012;61:337–346.
   Google Scholar
• Van Scoyk M, Randall J, Sergew A, et al. Wnt signaling pathway and lung disease. Transl Res. 2008;151:175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson WR, Chi EY, Ye X, et al. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin/CREB binding protein (CBP) signaling reverses pulmonary fibrosis. J Proc National Acad Sci. 2010;107:14309–14314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou B, Liu Y, Kahn M, et al. Interactions between β-catenin and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and are dependent on the transcriptional co-activator cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP). J Biol Chem. 2012;287:7026–7038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon RT, Bowerman B, Boutros M, et al. The promise and perils of Wnt signaling through β-catenin. Science. 2002;296:1644–1646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moheimani F, Roth HM, Cross J, et al. Disruption of β-catenin/CBP signaling inhibits human airway epithelial–mesenchymal transition and repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;68:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegab AE, Kubo H, Fujino N, et al. Isolation and characterization of murine multipotent lung stem cells. J Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19:523–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross TJ, Hunninghake GW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J N Engl J Med. 2001;345:517–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis BC, Liebler JM, Luby-Phelps K, et al. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-β1: potential role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol. 2005;166:1321–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbiani G. The biology of the myofibroblast. J Kidney Int. 1992;41:530–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini C, Gurrieri C. Chemokine/cytokine cocktail in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Proc Am Thoracic Soc. 2006;3:357–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sime PJ, Xing Z, Graham FL, et al. Adenovector-mediated gene transfer of active transforming growth factor-beta1 induces prolonged severe fibrosis in rat lung. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:768–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen PA, Egelund R, Petersen HH. The plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. J Cell Mol Life Sci Cmls. 2000;57:25–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu K, Lin L, Tan X, et al. tPA protects renal interstitial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu K, Mars WM, Liu Y, et al. Novel actions of tissue-type plasminogen activator in chronic kidney disease. Front Biosci. 2008;13:5174–5186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu K, Mars WM, Liu Y. Novel actions of tissue-type plasminogen activator in chronic kidney disease: a paradigm shift. J Front Biosci. 2008;13:5174–5186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi Y, Mantuano E, Inoue G, et al. Ligand binding to LRP1 transactivates Trk receptors by a Src family kinase–dependent pathway. Sci Signal. 2009;2:ra18–ra18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu K, Wu C, Mars WM, et al. Tissue-type plasminogen activator promotes murine myofibroblast activation through LDL receptor–related protein 1–mediated integrin signaling. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:3821–3832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilosi M, Poletti V, Zamò A, et al. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Am J Pathol. 2003;162:1495–1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Shi C, Meng X, et al. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuating the expression of TGF-β1 and FGF-2. J Exp Mol Pathol. 2016;101:22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Dai J, Sun Z, et al. Targeted inhibition of disheveled PDZ domain via NSC668036 depresses fibrotic process. Exp Cell Res. 2015;331:115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar