References
- Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69:7–34.
- Mittal S, El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: consider the population. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47(Suppl):S2–6.
- Cervello M, McCubrey JA, Cusimano A, et al. Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: novel agents on the horizon. Oncotarget. 2012;3:236–260.
- Chappell WH, Steelman LS, Long JM, et al. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and importance to inhibiting these pathways in human health. Oncotarget. 2011;2:135–164.
- Llovet JM, Bruix J. Molecular targeted therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2008;48:1312–1327.
- Feng F, Jiang Q, Cao S, et al. Pregnane X receptor mediates sorafenib resistance in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2018;1862:1017–1030.
- Yang SF, Chang CW, Wei RJ, et al. Involvement of DNA damage response pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:153867.
- Chun E, Lee KY. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are important for the induction of paclitaxel resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;315:771–779.
- Jodo S, Kobayashi S, Nakajima Y, et al. Elevated serum levels of soluble Fas/APO-1 (CD95) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998;112:166–171.
- Urtasun R, Latasa MU, Demartis MI, et al. Connective tissue growth factor autocriny in human hepatocellular carcinoma: oncogenic role and regulation by epidermal growth factor receptor/yes-associated protein-mediated activation. Hepatology. 2011;54:2149–2158.
- Nies AT, Konig J, Pfannschmidt M, et al. Expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MRP2 and MRP3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2001;94:492–499.
- Takano M, Otani Y, Tanda M, et al. Paclitaxel-resistance conferred by altered expression of efflux and influx transporters for paclitaxel in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;24:418–427.
- Gupta DK, Singh N, Sahu DK. TGF-beta mediated crosstalk between malignant hepatocyte and tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Growth Metastasis. 2014;7:1–8.
- Pickup MW, Owens P, Moses HL. TGF-beta, bone morphogenetic protein, and activin. Signaling and the tumor microenvironment. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2017;9:a022285.
- Ikushima H, Miyazono K. TGFbeta signalling: a complex web in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10:415–424.
- Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Geng L, et al. Transforming growth factor beta mediates drug resistance by regulating the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 in colorectal cancer. J Biol Chem. 2016;291:17405–17416.
- Ungerleider N, Han C, Zhang J, et al. TGFbeta signaling confers sorafenib resistance via induction of multiple RTKs in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog. 2017;56:1302–1311.
- Takahashi K, Yan IK, Kogure T, et al. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of long non-coding RNA ROR modulates chemosensitivity in human hepatocellular cancer. FEBS Open Bio. 2014;4:458–467.
- Brown JA, Yonekubo Y, Hanson N, et al. TGF-beta-induced quiescence mediates chemoresistance of tumor-propagating cells in squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;21:650–64 e8.
- Brunen D, Willems SM, Kellner U, et al. TGF-beta: an emerging player in drug resistance. Cell Cycle. 2013;12:2960–2968.
- Saini A, Mahajan S, Gupta P. Nuclear receptor expression atlas in BMDCs: NR4A2 restricts immunogenicity of BMDCs and impedes EAE. Eur J Immunol. 2016;46:1842–1853.
- Nanduri R, Mahajan S, Bhagyaraj E, et al. The active form of vitamin D transcriptionally represses smad7 signaling and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to inhibit the differentiation of a inflammatory T helper cell subset and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Biol Chem. 2015;290:12222–12236.
- Leopold Wager CM, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Macrophage nuclear receptors: emerging key players in infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15:e1007585.
- Mahajan S, Saini A, Kalra R, et al. Frienemies of infection: a chronic case of host nuclear receptors acting as cohorts or combatants of infection. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2016;42:526–534.
- Moore LB, Parks DJ, Jones SA, et al. Orphan nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor share xenobiotic and steroid ligands. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:15122–15127.
- Mani S, Huang H, Sundarababu S, et al. Activation of the steroid and xenobiotic receptor (human pregnane X receptor) by nontaxane microtubule-stabilizing agents. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:6359–6369.
- Nallani SC, Goodwin B, Maglich JM, et al. Induction of cytochrome P450 3A by paclitaxel in mice: pivotal role of the nuclear xenobiotic receptor, pregnane X receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;31:681–684.
- Bhagyaraj E, Tiwari D, Ahuja N, et al. A human xenobiotic nuclear receptor contributes to nonresponsiveness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the antituberculosis drug rifampicin. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:3747–3757.
- Huang H, Chen J, Ding CM, et al. LncRNA NR2F1-AS1 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma oxaliplatin resistance by targeting ABCC1 via miR-363. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22:3238–3245.
- Namisaki T, Schaeffeler E, Fukui H, et al. Differential expression of drug uptake and efflux transporters in Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42:2033–2040.
- Giannelli G, Mikulits W, Dooley Set al. The rationale for targeting TGF-beta in chronic liver diseases. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46:349–361.
- Kast HR, Goodwin B, Tarr PT, et al. Regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2) by the nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X-activated receptor, and constitutive androstane receptor. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:2908–2915.
- Synold TW, Dussault I, Forman BM. The orphan nuclear receptor SXR coordinately regulates drug metabolism and efflux. Nat Med. 2001;7:584–590.
- Zhou J, Liu M, Zhai Y, et al. The antiapoptotic role of pregnane X receptor in human colon cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:868–880.
- Masuyama H, Nakatsukasa H, Takamoto N, et al. Down-regulation of pregnane X receptor contributes to cell growth inhibition and apoptosis by anticancer agents in endometrial cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2007;72:1045–1053.
- Derynck R, Zhang YE. Smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling. Nature. 2003;425:577–584.
- Plotnik JP, Budka JA, Ferris MW, et al. ETS1 is a genome-wide effector of RAS/ERK signaling in epithelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42:11928–11940.
- Kumari S, Saradhi M, Rana M, et al. Pregnane and xenobiotic receptor gene expression in liver cells is modulated by Ets-1 in synchrony with transcription factors Pax5, LEF-1 and c-Jun. Exp Cell Res. 2015;330:398–411.
- Shao Z, Li Y, Dai W, et al. ETS-1 induces sorafenib-resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulating transcription factor activity of PXR. Pharmacol Res. 2018;135:188–200.
- Kang D, Han Z, Oh GH, et al. Down-regulation of TGF-beta expression sensitizes the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib. Yonsei Med J. 2017;58:899–909.
- Lehmann JM, McKee DD, Watson MA, et al. The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1016–1023.
- Bhagyaraj E, Nanduri R, Saini A, et al. Human xenobiotic nuclear receptor PXR augments mycobacterium tuberculosis survival. J Immunol. 2016;197:244–255.
- Chen Y, Tang Y, Wang MT, et al. Human pregnane X receptor and resistance to chemotherapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67:10361–10367.
- Masuyama H, Hiramatsu Y, Kodama J, et al. Expression and potential roles of pregnane X receptor in endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4446–4454.
- Mensah-Osman EJ, Thomas DG, Tabb MM, et al. Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007;109:957–965.
- Caja L, Sancho P, Bertran E, et al. Overactivation of the MEK/ERK pathway in liver tumor cells confers resistance to TGF-{beta}-induced cell death through impairing up-regulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7595–7602.