Crocin ameliorates atherosclerosis by promoting the reverse cholesterol transport and inhibiting the foam cell formation via regulating PPARγ/LXR-α

References

• Xu H, Jiang J, Chen W, et al. Vascular Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:4354786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaftenaar F, Frodermann V, Kuiper J, et al. Atherosclerosis: the interplay between lipids and immune cells. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2016;27:209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Fu Y, Gu X, et al. Macrophage-Enriched lncRNA RAPIA: a Novel Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:1464–1478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Artyomov MN, Sergushichev A, Schilling JD. Integrating immunometabolism and macrophage diversity. Semin Immunol. 2016;28:417–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett TJ. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis Regression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2020;40:20–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Du Z, Rong B, et al. Foam cells promote atherosclerosis progression by releasing CXCL12. Biosci Rep. 2020;40:BSR20193267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shashkin P, Dragulev B, Ley K. Macrophage differentiation to foam cells. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:3061–3072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Jia Q, Yan L, et al. Quercetin Suppresses the Progression of Atherosclerosis by Regulating MST1-Mediated Autophagy in ox-LDL-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Foam Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20: 6093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Y, Xu J, Zeng Y, et al. Polydatin attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: role of reverse cholesterol transport. Phytomedicine. 2019;62:152935.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohatgi A. Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:2–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SS, Cao H, Shen DZ, et al. Effect of Quercetin on Atherosclerosis Based on Expressions of ABCA1, LXR-α and PCSK9 in ApoE(-/-) Mice. Chin J Integr Med. 2020;26:114–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia Q, Cao H, Shen D, et al. Quercetin protects against atherosclerosis by regulating the expression of PCSK9, CD36, PPARgamma, LXRalpha and ABCA1. Int J Mol Med. 2019;44:893–902.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou M, Ren P, Li S, et al. Danhong Injection Attenuates High-Fat-Induced Atherosclerosis and Macrophage Lipid Accumulation by Regulating the PI3K/AKT Insulin Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2019;74:152–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu L, Qin Y, Chen C, et al. Beneficial Effects Exerted by Paeonol in the Management of Atherosclerosis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018 :1098617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehatou GS, Suddek GM. Sulforaphane attenuates the development of atherosclerosis and improves endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2016;241:426–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding X, Zheng L, Yang B, et al. Luteolin Attenuates Atherosclerosis Via Modulating Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3-Mediated Inflammatory Response. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:3899–3911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Zhai L, Lu J, et al. Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR-gamma/LXR-alpha/ABCA1 Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:3426925.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baradaran Rahim V, Khammar MT, Rakhshandeh H, et al. Crocin protects cardiomyocytes against LPS-Induced inflammation. Pharmacol Rep. 2019;71:1228–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godugu C, Pasari LP, Khurana A, et al. Crocin, an active constituent of Crocus sativus ameliorates cerulein induced pancreatic inflammation and oxidative stress. Phytother Res. 2020;34:825–835.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korani S, Korani M, Sathyapalan T, et al. Therapeutic effects of Crocin in autoimmune diseases: a review. Vol. 45. England): BioFactors (Oxford; 2019. p. 835–843.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Xu Q, Shang J, et al. Crocin inhibits the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells via miR-320/KLF5/HIF-1α signaling. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:17876–17885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He SY, Qian ZY, Tang FT, et al. Effect of crocin on experimental atherosclerosis in quails and its mechanisms. Life Sci. 2005;77:907–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Lei HT, Cao L, et al. Crocin alleviates coronary atherosclerosis via inhibiting lipid synthesis and inducing M2 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;55:120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui MZ. Lysophosphatidic acid effects on atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Clin Lipidol. 2011;6:413–426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Retterstøl K, Svendsen M, Narverud I, et al. Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: a randomized controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;279:52–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kacperczyk M, Kmieciak A, Kratz EM. The Role of ApoE Expression and Variability of Its Glycosylation in Human Reproductive Health in the Light of Current Information. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:7197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andres-Manzano MJ, Andres V, Dorado B. Oil Red O and Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining for Quantification of Atherosclerosis Burden in Mouse Aorta and Aortic Root. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1339:85–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Liu H, Hao Y, et al. Coenzyme Q10 protects against hyperlipidemia-induced cardiac damage in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17:279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasiri-Ansari Ν, Dimitriadis GK, Agrogiannis G, et al. Canagliflozin attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammation process in APOE knockout mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhan Y, Yu J, Ding R, et al. Triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and low ankle brachial index in an elderly population. Vasa. 2014;43:189–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang L, Andrews DA, Low PS. Lysophosphatidic acid opens a Ca(++) channel in human erythrocytes. Blood. 2000;95:2420–2425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemzaei M, Mamoulakis C, Tsarouhas K, et al. Crocin: a fighter against inflammation and pain. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;143:111521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang JL, Wang JW, Hu PY, et al. HOTAIR alleviates ox-LDL-induced inflammatory response in Raw264.7 cells via inhibiting NF-kappaB pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22:6991–6998.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen D, Zhao D, Yang X, et al. Geniposide against atherosclerosis by inhibiting the formation of foam cell and lowering reverse lipid transport via p38/MAPK signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;864:172728.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods (San Diego. Calif). 2001;25:402–408.
   Google Scholar
• Lin XL, Xiao LL, Tang ZH, et al. Role of PCSK9 in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;104:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao L, Varghese Z, Moorhead JF, et al. CD36 and lipid metabolism in the evolution of atherosclerosis. Br Med Bull. 2018;126:101–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Perez-Jimenez F, et al. ABCA1 gene variants regulate postprandial lipid metabolism in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1051–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton MF, Moslehi JJ, Babaev VR. Akt Signaling in Macrophage Polarization, Survival, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J, Kakkar V, Lu X. Impact of MCP-1 in atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:4580–4588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poznyak AV, Silaeva YY, Orekhov AN, et al. Animal models of human atherosclerosis: current progress. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2020;53:e9557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Myasoedova VA. Mechanisms of foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med. Vol. 95; 2017. p. 1153–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HH, Garruti G, Liu M, et al. Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis: recent Advances in Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16 Suppl 1:S27–s42.
   Google Scholar
• Zou TB, Zhu SS, Luo F, et al. Effects of Astaxanthin on Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Atherosclerosis in Mice. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:4625932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favari E, Chroni A, Tietge UJ, et al. Cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2015;224:181–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu J, Chen X, Xu X, et al. Active polypeptides from Hirudo inhibit endothelial cell inflammation and macrophage foam cell formation by regulating the LOX-1/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;115:108840.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang S, Dougherty EJ, Danner RL. PPARγ signaling and emerging opportunities for improved therapeutics. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:76–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong W, Zhao X, Villacorta L, et al. Brown Adipocyte-Specific PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ) Deletion Impairs Perivascular Adipose Tissue Development and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38:1738–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toh SA, Millar JS, Billheimer J, et al. PPARγ activation redirects macrophage cholesterol from fecal excretion to adipose tissue uptake in mice via SR-BI. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011;81:934–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Q, Wei A, Chen F, et al. Enhancing PPARγ by HDAC inhibition reduces foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Pharmacol Res. 2020;160:105059.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gwon MH, Im YS, Seo AR, et al. Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Protects against High Fat/Cholesterol Diet-Induced Obesity and Atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients. 2020;12:3657.
   Google Scholar
• Abeyrathna P, Su Y. The critical role of Akt in cardiovascular function. Vascul Pharmacol. 2015;74:38–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song M, Bode AM, Dong Z, et al. AKT as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Cancer Res. 2019;79:1019–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedding DG, Boyle EC, Demandt JAF, et al. Vasa Vasorum Angiogenesis: key Player in the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis and Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9:706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng W, Cai G, Xia Y, et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis. DNA Cell Biol. 2019;38:597–606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang RJ, Yin YF, Xie XJ, et al. Acid-sensing ion channels: linking extracellular acidification with atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;502:183–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donato L, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, et al. Possible A2E Mutagenic Effects on RPE Mitochondrial DNA from Innovative RNA-Seq Bioinformatics Pipeline. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9:1158 .
   Google Scholar
• Scimone C, Alibrandi S, Scalinci SZ, et al. Expression of Pro-Angiogenic Markers Is Enhanced by Blue Light in Human RPE Cells. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9:1154 .
   Google Scholar
• Donato L, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, et al. New Omics-Derived Perspectives on Retinal Dystrophies: could Ion Channels-Encoding or Related Genes Act as Modifier of Pathological Phenotype? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;22:70.
   Google Scholar