Post-socialist transition, authoritarian consolidation and social origin of political elites: the case of Russian regional governors

References

• Achen, C. H. 2002. “Political Socialization and Rational Party Identification.” Political Behavior 24: 151–170. doi:10.1023/A:1021278208671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, M., and C. van Ham. 2015. “What Explains Regional Variation in Election Fraud? Evidence from Russia: A Research Note.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31: 514–528. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2014.969023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahry, D., and B. D. Silver. 1990. “Soviet Citizen Participation on the Eve of Democratization.” American Political Science Review 83: 821–847. doi:10.2307/1962768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baturo, A., and J. Elkins. 2016. “Dynamics of Regime Personalization and Patron–Client Networks in Russia, 1999–2014.” Post-Soviet Affairs 32: 75–98. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1032532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrend, J. 2018. The Political Economy of Subnational Political Dynasties: Theory and Evidence from Argentina. Mimeo. San Martin, Venezuela: UNSAM
   Google Scholar
• Bessudnov, A. 2016. “The Effect of Parental Social Background on Labor Market Outcomes in Russia.” In Education, Occupation and Social Origin, edited by F. Bernardi and G. Ballarino. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. pp. 150-167
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell, E. 1979. “Cadre Policy in the Brezhnev Era.” Problems of Communism 28: 29–42.
   Google Scholar
• Bonica, A. 2017. Why are There so Many Lawyers in Congress?. Mimeo. Stanford: Stanford University
   Google Scholar
• Boycko, M., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1997. Privatizing Russia. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, N., T. Frye, G. Garifullina, and O. J. Reuter. 2014. “The Political Economy of Russian Gubernatorial Election and Appointment.” Europe-Asia Studies 66: 1213–1233. doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.941695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler, M., and M. Ayari. 2018. “The Autocrat’s Advisors: Opening the Black Box of Ruling Coalitions in Tunisia’s Authoritarian Regime.” Political Research Quarterly 71: 330–346. doi:10.1177/1065912917735400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burawoy, M. 1996. “The State and Economic Involution: Russia through a China Lense.” World Development 24: 1105–1117. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(96)00022-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhardt, F. 2018. Kinship Networks and Russia’s Bureaucratic Elites. Mimeo. Berlin: SWP
   Google Scholar
• Burkhardt, F., and A. Libman. 2018. “The Tail Wagging the Dog? Top-Down and Bottom-Up Explanations for Bureaucratic Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes.” Russian Politics 3: 239–259. doi:10.1163/2451-8921-00302005.
   Google Scholar
• Carnes, N. 2012. “Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 37: 5–34. doi:10.1111/lsq.2012.37.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes, N. 2015. “White‐Collar Government in the United States.” Swiss Political Science Review 21: 213–221. doi:10.1111/spsr.2015.21.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes, N. 2016. “Why are There so Few Working-Class People in Political Office? Evidence from State Legislatures.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 4: 84–109. doi:10.1080/21565503.2015.1066689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes, N., and N. Lupu. 2015. “Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America.” American Journal of Political Science 59: 1–18. doi:10.1111/ajps.2015.59.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes, N., and N. Lupu. 2016. “Do Voters Dislike Working-Class Candidates? Voter Biases and the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class.” American Political Science Review 110: 832–844. doi:10.1017/S0003055416000551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, L., and L. White. 1990. “Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy.” China Quarterly 121: 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0305741000013497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, G. 2014. The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dal Bo, E., P. Dal Bo, and J. Snyder. 2009. “Political Dynasties.” Review of Economic Studies 76: 115–142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00519.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stephano, C. (2018) “Towards Putin’s Last Presidency?” IAI Paper No. 5
   Google Scholar
• Djankov, S., E. Miguel, Y. Qian, G. Roland, and E. Zhuravskaya. 2005. “Who Are Russia’s Entrepreneurs?” Journal of the European Economic Association 3: 587–597. doi:10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, R. 1977. “Mobility and Stratification in the Soviet Union.” Annual Review of Sociology 3: 297–329. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.03.080177.001501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, R. 1980. “Socialism and Social Stratification.” In Contemporary Soviet Society: Sociological Perspectives, edited by J. G. Pankhurst and M. P. Sacks. New York: Praeger.pp. 88-114
   Google Scholar
• Dowley, K. M. 1998. “Striking the Federal Bargain in Russia: Comparative Regional Government Strategies.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 31: 359–380. doi:10.1016/S0967-067X(98)00017-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryler, H. 1998. “Parental Role Models, Gender, and Educational Choice.” British Journal of Sociology 49: 375–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egorov, G., and K. Sonin. 2011. “Dictators and Their Viziers: Endogenizing the Loyalty–Competence Trade-Off.” Journal of the European Economic Association 9: 903–930. doi:10.1111/jeea.2011.9.issue-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, M. D., J. Kelley, and J. Sikora. 2014. “Scholarly Culture and Academic Performance in 42 Nations.” Social Forces 92: 1573–1605. doi:10.1093/sf/sou030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, M. D., J. Kelley, J. Sikora, and D. J. Treiman. 2010. “Family Scholarly Culture and Educational Success: Books and Schooling in 27 Nations.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28: 171–197. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2010.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finifter, A. W., and E. Mickiewicz. 1992. “Redefining the Political System of the USSR: Mass Support for Political Change.” American Political Science Review 86: 857–874. doi:10.2307/1964340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, M. S. 2005. Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forrat, N. 2018. “Shock-Resistant Authoritarianism: Schoolteachers and Infrastructural State Capacity in Putin’s Russia.” Comparative Politics 50: 417–449. doi:10.5129/001041518822704908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaman-Golutvina, O. 2008. “Changes in Elite Patterns.” Europe-Asia Studies 60: 1033–1050. doi:10.1080/09668130802180967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaxie, D., and L. Godmer. 2007. “Cultural Capital and Political Selection: Educational Backgrounds of Parliamentarians.” In Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence, edited by M. Cotta and H. Best. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 105-135
   Google Scholar
• Gehlen, M. P., and M. McBride. 1968. “The Soviet Central Committee: An Elite Analysis.” American Political Science Review 62: 1232–1241. doi:10.2307/1953915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geishecker, I., and J. Haisken-DeNew. 2004. “Landing on All Fours? Communist Elites in Post-Soviet Russia.” Journal of Comparative Economics 32: 700–719. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2004.08.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gel’man, V. 2015. Authoritarian Russia: Analyzing Post-Soviet Regime Changes. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, T., and M. Hout. 1995. “Educational Stratification in Russia during the Soviet Period.” American Journal of Sociology 101: 611–660. doi:10.1086/230755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, T., and M. Hout. 2004. “Declining Class Mobility during Russia’s Market Transition.” American Sociological Review 69: 677–703. doi:10.1177/000312240406900504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geys, B. 2017. “Political Dynasties, Electoral Institutions and Politicians’ Human Capital.” Economic Journal 127: F474–F494. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidengil, E., H. Wass, and M. Valaste. 2016. “Political Socialization and Voting: The Parent-Child Link in Turnout.” Political Research Quarterly 69: 373–383. doi:10.1177/1065912916640900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilens, M. 2005. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness.” Public Opinion Quarterly 69: 778–796. doi:10.1093/poq/nfi058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorenburg, D. 1999. “Regional Separatism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab?” Europe-Asia Studies 51: 245–274. doi:10.1080/09668139999029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, A. 2017. “Change or Continuity? Intergenerational Social Mobility and Post-Communist Transition.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 52: 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2017.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, H. E. 2003. “Explaining Machine Politics in Russia’s Regions: Economy, Ethnicity and Legacy.” Post-Soviet Affairs 19: 228–263. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.19.3.228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, E., N. Yershova, and R. Anderson. 1995. “Russia—Old Wine in a New Bottle? the Circulation and Reproduction of Russian Elites, 1983–1993.” Theory and Society 24: 639–668. doi:10.1007/BF00993401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harasymiw, B. 1984. Political Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harasymiw, B. 1988. “The CPSU in Transition from Brezhnev to Gorbachev.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 21: 249–266. doi:10.1017/S0008423900056298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. 2011. “The Economy of Inequality: The Value of Early Childhood Education.” American Educator 35: 31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Helf, G., and J. W. Hahn. 1992. “Old Dogs and New Tricks: Party Elites in the Russian Regional Elections of 1990.” Slavic Review 51: 511–530. doi:10.2307/2500058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higley, J., and M. G. Burton. 1989. “The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns.” American Sociological Review 54: 17–32. doi:10.2307/2095659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisrich, R. D., and M. V. Grachev. 1993. “The Russian Entrepreneur.” Journal of Business Venturing 8: 487–497. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(93)90034-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höhne, B., and M. Kintz. 2017. “Soziale Herkunftslinien von Abgeordneten Im Wandel.” In Parteien und soziale Ungleichheit, edited by E. Wiesendahl. Heidelberg: Springer.pp. 259-285
   Google Scholar
• Holbein, J. B. 2017. “Childhood Skill Development and Adult Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 111: 572–583. doi:10.1017/S0003055417000119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, J. 1997. “Sub‐national Elites and Post‐Communist Transformation in Russia: A Reply to Kryshtanovskaya and White.” Europe-Asia Studies 49: 1017–1036. doi:10.1080/09668139708412486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huskey, E. 1988. “Specialists in the Soviet Communist Party Apparatus: Legal Professionals as Party Functionaries.” Soviet Studies 40: 538–555. doi:10.1080/09668138808411778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huskey, E. 2010. “Elite Recruitment and State-Society Relations in Technocratic Authoritarian Regimes: The Russian Case.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 43: 363–372. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2010.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Il’in, V. A., A. A. Shabunova, and G. V. Leonidova. 2013. “The Social Position of Schoolteachers in Russia.” Russian Education and Society 55: 47–67. doi:10.2753/RES1060-9393550903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inkeles, A., and R. A. Bauer. 1959. Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanova, E. (2003) “Fenomen Vnutrenney Emigratsii.” Vek Tolerantnosti (1–2), http://www.tolerance.ru/VT-1-2-fenomen.php?PrPage=VT
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M., and G. Evans. 2017. “Rebuilding Walls: Market Transition and Social Mobility in the Post-Socialist Societies of Europe.” Sociological Science 4: 54–79. doi:10.15195/issn.2330-6696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. K., and R. G. Niemi. 2014. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kalgin, A. 2016. “Implementation of Performance Management in Regional Government in Russia: Evidence of Data Manipulation.” Public Management Review 18: 110–138. doi:10.1080/14719037.2014.965271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinin, K., and W. R. Mebane. 2012. Understanding Electoral Frauds through Evolution of Russian Federalism: The Emergence of ‘Signaling Loyalty’. Mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Kluckhohn, C., A. Inkeles, and R. A. Bauer. 1956. How the Soviet System Works: Cultural, Psychological, and Social Themes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kochetkova, I. 2009. The Myth of the Russian Intelligentsia: Old Intellectuals in the New Russia. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Konstantinovskiy, D. 2012. “Social Inequality and Access to Higher Education in Russia.” European Journal of Education 47: 9–24. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3435.2011.01504.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraaykamp, G., and P. Nieuwbeerta. 2000. “Parental Background and Lifestyle Differentiation in Eastern Europe: Social, Political, and Cultural Intergenerational Transmission in Five Former Socialist Countries.” Social Science Research 92: 92–122. doi:10.1006/ssre.1999.0655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryshtanovskaya, O., and S. White. 1996. “From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite.” Europe-Asia Studies 48: 711–733. doi:10.1080/09668139608412377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryshtanovskaya, O., and S. White. 2003. “Putin’s Militocracy.” Post-Soviet Affairs 19: 289–306. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.19.4.289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryshtanovskaya, O., and S. White. 2005. “The Rise of the Russian Business Elite.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 38: 293–307. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampert, N. 1979. The Technical Intelligentsia and the Soviet State: A Study of Soviet Managers and Technicians 1928–1935. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lamprinakou, C., M. Morucci, R. Campbell, and J. van Heerde-Hudson. 2017. “All Change in the House? the Profile of Candidates and MPs in the 2015 British General Election.” Parliamentary Affairs 70: 207–232. doi:10.1093/pa/gsw030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, D. 1996. “Peremeny v Rossii: Rol’ Politicheskoi Elity.” Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia 4: 30–40.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, D., and C. Ross. 1997. “Russian Political Elites, 1991–1995.” International Politics 34: 169–192.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, D., and C. Ross. 1999. The Transition from Communism to Capitalism: Ruling Elites from Gorbachev to Putin. London: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lankina, T. 2016. “Boris Nemtsov and the Reproduction of the Regional Intelligentsia.” Demokratizatsiya: the Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 24: 45–68.
   Google Scholar
• Lankina, T. V., A. Libman, and A. Obydenkova. 2016. “Appropriation and Subversion: Precommunist Literacy, Communist Party Saturation, and Postcommunist Democratic Outcomes.” World Politics 68: 229–274. doi:10.1017/S0043887115000428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassila, J. 2018. “Putin as a Non-Populist Autocrat.” Russian Politics 3: 175–195. doi:10.1163/2451-8921-00302002.
   Google Scholar
• Leventoğlu, B. 2005. “Social Mobility and Political Transitions.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 17: 465–496. doi:10.1177/0951629805056897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, P. H. 1978. “Salazar’s Ministerial Elite, 1932–1968.” Journal of Politics 40: 622–647. doi:10.2307/2129859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., L. Meng, X. Shi, and B. Wu. 2012. “Does Having a Cadre Parent Pay? Evidence from the First Job Offers of Chinese College Graduates.” Journal of Development Economics 99: 513–520. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman, A. 2010. “Constitutions, Regulations, and Taxes: Contradictions of Different Aspects of Decentralization.” Journal of Comparative Economics 38: 395–418. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2010.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman, A., V. Kozlov, and A. Schultz. 2012. “Roving Bandits in Action: Outside Option and Governmental Predation in Autocracies.” Kyklos 65: 526–562. doi:10.1111/kykl.2012.65.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman, A., and M. Rochlitz. 2019. Federalism in China and Russia. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Libman, A., A. Schultz, and T. Graeber. 2016. “Tax Return as a Political Statement.” Review of Law and Economics 12: 377–445. doi:10.1515/rle-2014-0017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarychev, A. S. 2008. “Politics, the State, and De-Politicization: Putin’s Project Reassessed.” Problems of Post-Communism 55: 62–71. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216550506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, G., S. Sydorenko, and S. Roberts. 1995. “Intergenerational Social Mobility in Communist Russia.” Work, Employment and Society 9: 1–27. doi:10.1177/095001709591001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, T., and T. Okazaki. 2017. Mobility and Continuity of Political Elites over Phases of Regime Change: Case of Meiji Restoration Japan. Mimeo. Tokyo, Japan : CIRJE
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, M. 1972. Class and Society in Soviet Russia. London: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., L. Snith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merry, E. W. 2004. “Governance in Central Asia: National in Form, Soviet in Content.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 17: 285–300. doi:10.1080/0955757042000245906.
   Google Scholar
• Mikhailov, V. V. 2010. “Authoritarian Regimes of Russia and Tatarstan: Coexistence and Subjection.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 26: 471–493. doi:10.1080/13523279.2010.519187.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, R. S. 1982. “Technocrats and Politics in the ASEAN Countries.” Pacific Affairs 55: 403–429. doi:10.2307/2757118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses, J. 2008. “Who Has Led Russia? Russian Regional Political Elites, 1954–2006.” Europe-Asia Studies 60: 1–24. doi:10.1080/09668130701760307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses, J. 2019. “Russian Center-Periphery Relations from Khrushchev to Putin, 1957–2018.” Demokratizatsiya 27: 215–236.
   Google Scholar
• Newson, A., and F. Trebbi. 2018. “Authoritarian Elites.” Canadian Journal of Economics 51: 1088–1117. doi:10.1111/caje.12362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P., and M. Franklin. 1997. “Social Representation.” European Journal of Political Research 32: 185–210. doi:10.1111/ejpr.1997.32.issue-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P., and J. Lovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Obydenkova, A., and A. Libman. 2015. “Understanding the Survival of Post-Communist Corruption in Contemporary Russia: The Influence of Historical Legacies.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31: 304–338. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2014.931683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pain, E. A., and S. Y. Fediunin. 2019. “Populism i Elitimsm v Sovremennoy Rossii.” Polis 1: 33–38.
   Google Scholar
• Pakulski, J., J. S. Kullberg, and J. Higley. 1996. “The Persistence of Postcommunist Elites.” Journal of Democracy 7: 133–147. doi:10.1353/jod.1996.0027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paneyakh, E. 2014. “The Overregulated State.” Social Sciences 45: 20–33.
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutter, A., and W. M. LeoGrande. 1982. “The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political Systems.” American Political Science Review 76: 778–789. doi:10.1017/S0003055400189609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisinger, W. M., and B. J. Moraski. 2017. The Regional Roots of Russia’s Political Regime. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Renz, B. 2006. “Putin’s Militocracy? an Alternative Interpretation of Siloviki in Contemporary Russian Politics.” Europe-Asia Studies 58: 903–924. doi:10.1080/09668130600831134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J. 2013. “Regional Patrons and Hegemonic Party Electoral Performance in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 29: 101–135. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.780410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J., and G. B. Robertson. 2012. “Subnational Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Russian Gubernatorial Appointments.” Journal of Politics 74: 1023–1037. doi:10.1017/S0022381612000631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, T. H. 1972. “The Soviet Politburo: A Comparative Profile, 1951–71.” Soviet Studies 24: 3–23. doi:10.1080/09668137208410841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, T. H. 1999. “New Top Elites for Old in Russian Politics.” British Journal of Political Science 29: 323–343. doi:10.1017/S0007123499000149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, D. W., and S. W. Rivera. 2014. “Is Russia a Militocracy? Conceptual Issues and Extant Findings regarding Elite Militarization.” Post-Soviet Affairs 30: 27–50. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.819681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochlitz, M. 2016. Political Loyalty Vs Economic Performance: Evidence from Machine Politics in Russia’s Regions. Mimeo.Moscow, Russia: National Research University Higher School of Economics
   Google Scholar
• Rochlitz, M., V. Kulpina, T. Remington, and A. Yakovlev. 2015. “Performance Incentives and Economic Growth: Regional Officials in Russia and China.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 56: 421–445. doi:10.1080/15387216.2015.1089411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, M. A. 2017. “Self-Perpetuation of Political Power.” Economic Journal 127: F455–F473. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. 2008. “Ramzan Kadyrov: The Indigenous Key to Success in Putin’s Chechenization Strategy?” Nationalities Papers 36: 659–687. doi:10.1080/00905990802230605.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks, M. P. 2016. “Occupations and Work Force Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses.” In Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses, edited by R. S. Clem. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 98-112
   Google Scholar
• Schleiter, P. 2013. “Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Ministerial Selection in Russia: How Presidential Preferences Shape Technocratic Cabinets.” Post-Soviet Affairs 29: 31–55. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.778544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitter, P. C. 1971. Interest Conflict and Political Change in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, A., and A. Libman. 2015. “Is There a Local Knowledge Advantage in Federations? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Public Choice 162: 25–42. doi:10.1007/s11127-014-0187-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenova, E. 2012. “Continuities in the Formation of Russian Political Elites.” Historical Social Research 37: 71–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharafutdinova, G. 2015. “Elite Management in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: A View from Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.” Central Asian Affairs 2: 117–139. doi:10.1163/22142290-00202001.
   Google Scholar
• Sharafutdinova, G. 2016. “Regional Governors Navigating through Putin’s Third Term.” Russian Politics 1: 372–397. doi:10.1163/2451-8921-00104003.
   Google Scholar
• Sharafutdinova, G., and R. Turovsky. 2017. “The Politics of Federal Transfers in Putin’s Russia: Regional Competition, Lobbying, and Federal Priorities.” Post-Soviet Affairs 33: 161–175. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2016.1163826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherlock, T. 2016. “Russian Politics and the Soviet Past: Reassessing Stalin and Stalinism under Vladimir Putin.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 49: 45–59. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, V., C. Adolph, and M. Liu. 2012. “Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China.” American Political Science Review 106: 166–187. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishkin, S. V., and V. V. Vlassov. 2009. “Russia’s Healthcare System: In Need of Modernisation.” BMJ 338: b2132. doi:10.1136/bmj.b902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shkel, S. 2019. “Bastiony Traditsii: Etnicheskiy Faktor i Politicheskie Mashiny v Regionakh Rossii.” Polis 1: 49–70.
   Google Scholar
• Shlapentokh, V. 1990. “The Justification of Political Conformism: The Mythology of Soviet Intellectuals.” Studies in Soviet Thought 39: 111–135. doi:10.1007/BF00838027.
   Google Scholar
• Silver, B. D. 1987. “Political Beliefs of the Soviet Citizen: Sources of Support for Regime Norms.” In Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens, edited by J. R. Millar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 100-141
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P. H. 1979. Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Teckenberg, W. 1981. “The Social Structure of the Soviet Working Class: Toward an Estatist Society?” International Journal of Sociology 11: 1–163.
   Google Scholar
• Teckenberg, W., and M. Vale. 1989. “The Stability of Occupational Structures, Social Mobility and Interest Formation: The USSR as an Estatist Society in Comparison with Other Class Societies.” International Journal of Sociology 19: 28–75. doi:10.1080/15579336.1989.11769980.
   Google Scholar
• Titma, M., N. B. Tuma, and K. Roosma. 2003. “Education as a Factor in Intergenerational Mobility in Soviet Society.” European Sociological Review 19: 281–297. doi:10.1093/esr/19.3.281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, D. S. 1997. “Russia’s “Ethnic Revival”: The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Postcommunist Order.” World Politics 49: 212–249. doi:10.1353/wp.1997.0006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban, M. E. 1989. An Algebra of Soviet Power: Elite Circulation in the Belorussian Republic 1966–86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Varyzgina, A., and R. Kay. 2014. “Perceptions of Poverty in Small-Town Russia.” Debatte 22: 269–287.
   Google Scholar
• Vladimirov, K. 2014. “We are neither Stokers nor Woodworkers: Social Origins of the Soviet Party Elites, 1917–1990.” Russian History 41: 283–297. doi:10.1163/18763316-04102013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wengle, S. A. 2012. “Engineers versus Managers: Experts, Market-Making and State-Building in Putin’s Russia.” Economy and Society 41: 435–467. doi:10.1080/03085147.2012.661623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollmann, H. 1993. “Change and Continuity of Political and Administrative Elites from Communist to Post‐Communist Russia.” Governance 6: 325–340. doi:10.1111/gove.1993.6.issue-3.
   Google Scholar
• Yanowitch, M. 1977. Social and Economic Inequality in the Soviet Union: Six Studies. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, J. 2013. “What Matters Most in Selecting Top Chinese Leaders? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 18: 223–239. doi:10.1007/s11366-013-9247-1.
   Google Scholar