Relational Aggressors’ Coping: The Moderating Role of Empathy

References

• Andreou, E. (2004). Bully/victim problems and their association with Machiavellianism and self‐efficacy in Greek primary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 297–309. doi:10.1348/000709904773839897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baş, A. U., & Yurdabakan, İ. (2012). Factor structure of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire in Turkish children and gender, grade-level, and socioeconomic status differences in reactive and proactive aggression. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 30, 284–297. doi:10.1177/0734282911428892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batanova, M. D., & Loukas, A. (2011). Social anxiety and aggression in early adolescents: Examining the moderating roles of empathic concern and perspective taking. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1534–1543. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9634-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. The American Psychologist, 45, 494–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O’Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 183–225. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomgren, A.-S., Svahn, K., Åström, E., & Rönnlund, M. (2016). Coping strategies in late adolescence: Relationships to parental attachment and time perspective. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177, 85–96. doi:10.1080/00221325.2016.1178101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 780–795. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwald, P. (2003). The relationship of individual and communal state-trait coping and interpersonal resources as trust, empathy and responsibility. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 16, 307–320. doi:10.1080/1061580031000095452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 466–480. doi:10.1177/0165025406071904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Sandman, D. (2012). The interplay of emotional instability, empathy, and coping on prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 675–680. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnicer, J. G., & Calderón, C. (2014). Empathy and coping strategies as predictors of well-being in Spanish university students. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 12, 129–146.
   Google Scholar
• Cukrowicz, K. C., Ekblad, A. G., Cheavens, J. S., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Lynch, T. R. (2008). Coping and thought suppression as predictors of suicidal ideation in depressed older adults with personality disorders. Aging & mental health, 12, 149–157. doi:10.1080/13607860801936714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cukrowicz, K. C, Ekblad, A. G, Cheavens, J. S, Rosenthal, M. Z, & Lynch, T. R. (2008). Coping and thought suppression as predictors of suicidal ideation in depressed older adults with personality disorders. Aging & Mental Health, 12, 149-157. doi: 10.1080/13607860801936714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denson, T. F. (2013). The multiple systems model of angry rumination. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 103-123. doi: 10.1177/1088868312467086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, L. A., Johnston, P. J., Hansen, K., Birney, J., & Stough, C. (2010). Investigating the mediating effects of emotional intelligence and coping on problem behaviours in adolescents. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62, 20–29. doi:10.1080/00049530903312873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschenbeck, H., Kohlmann, C. W., & Lohaus, A. (2007). Gender differences in coping strategies in children and adolescents. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 18–26. doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.18
   Google Scholar
• Extremera, N., Durán, A., & Rey, L. (2007). Perceived emotional intelligence and dispositional optimism–Pessimism: Analyzing their role in predicting psychological adjustment among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1069–1079. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Pinto, I., López-Pérez, B., & Márquez, M. (2008). Empathy: Measures, theories and applications under review. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 24(2), 284–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A. L. C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the reactive–Proactive aggression questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 473–479. doi:10.1080/00223890903088420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, K. J., Archer, J., & Jackson, S. (2012). Does maladaptive coping mediate the relationship between borderline personality traits and reactive and proactive aggression? Aggressive Behavior, 38, 403–413. doi:10.1002/ab.21437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel, P, Petermann, F, & Dickow, B. (2001). Svf-kj. Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Pure-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14, 6–23. doi:10.1037/a0014694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589–611. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., Dalara, E., Koufogazou, A., & Papatziki, A. (2013). Cyber-bullying, personality and coping among pre-adolescents. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 3, 55–69. doi:10.4018/IJCBPL
   Google Scholar
• Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15, 41–58. doi:10.1007/s11218-011-9168-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkinos, C. M., Panagopoulou, P., Tsolakidou, I., & Tzeliou, E. (2015). Coping with bullying and victimisation among preadolescents: The moderating effects of self-efficacy. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 20, 205–222. doi:10.1080/13632752.2014.955677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkinos, C. M., Voulgaridou, I., Mandrali, M., & Parousidou, C. (2016a). Interactive links between RA, theory of mind, and moral disengagement among early adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 53, 253–269. doi:10.1002/pits.21902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkinos, C. M., Voulgaridou, I., & Markos, A. (2016b). Personality and relational aggression: Moral disengagement and friendship quality as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 74–79. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R.S, & Folkman, S. (2004). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Marsee, M. A., Barry, C. T., Childs, K. K., Frick, P. J., Kimonis, E. R., Muñoz, L. C., … Lau, K. S. (2011). Assessing the forms and functions of aggression using self-report: Factor structure and invariance of the Peer Conflict Scale in youths. Psychological Assessment, 23, 792–804. doi:10.1037/a0023369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969–981. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9147-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhedran, S. (2009). A review of the evidence for associations between empathy, violence, and animal cruelty. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWhirter, B. T., Besett-Alesch, T. M., Horibata, J., & Gat, I. (2002). Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5, 69–84. doi:10.1080/13676260120111779
   Google Scholar
• Meléndez, J. C., Mayordomo, T., Sancho, P., & Tomás, J. M. (2012). Coping strategies: Gender differences and development throughout life span. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 1089–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzke, C. W., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2002). Bewältigungsstrategien im Jugendalter. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 34, 216–226. doi:10.1026//0049-8637.34.4.216
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment‐related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 12, 149–168. doi:10.1111/pere.2005.12.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Manso, J. M., García-Baamonde, M. E., Blázquez-Alonso, M., Guerrero-Barona, E., & Godoy-Merino, M. J. (2018). Empathy and coping strategies in youths subject to protection measures. Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 100–107. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray-Close, D., & Nelson, D. A., Ostrov, J. M., Casas, J. F., & Crick, N. R. (2016). Relational aggression: a developmental psychopathology perspective. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 660–722). New York, NY: Wiley
   Google Scholar
• Murray-Close, D, Ostrov, J. M, Nelson, D. A, Crick, N. R, & Coccaro, E. F. (2010). Proactive, reactive, and romantic relational aggression in adulthood: measurement, predictive validity, gender differences, and association with intermittent explosive disorder. Journal Of Psychiatric Research, 44, 393-404. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide 6. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 368–378. doi:10.1177/0146167204271597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, J. R., Smart, L. M., Eisenlohr‐Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., Smith, G. T., & Baer, R. A. (2015). Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71, 871–884. doi:10.1002/jclp.22189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke‐Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., … Liu, J. (2006). The reactive–Proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, N. S, Malouff, J. M, Thorsteinsson, E. B, Bhullar, N, & Rooke, S. E. (2007). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 921-933. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, T. N., Helms, S. W., Kliewer, W., & Goodman, K. L. (2010). Associations between sadness and anger regulation coping, emotional expression, and physical and RA among urban adolescents. Social Development, 19, 30–51. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00531.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topcu, Ç., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2012). Affective and cognitive empathy as mediators of gender differences in cyber and traditional bullying. School Psychology International, 33, 550–561. doi:10.1177/0143034312446882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussaint, L, & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 145, 673-685. doi: 10.3200/SOCP.145.6.673-686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Noorden, T. H., Haselager, G. J., Cillessen, A. H., & Bukowski, W. M. (2015). Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 637–657. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitulano, M. L., Fite, P. J., & Rathert, J. L. (2010). Delinquent peer influence on childhood delinquency: The moderating effect of impulsivity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 315–322. doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9160-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgaridou, I., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). RA in adolescents: A review of theoretical and empirical research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayment, H. A. (2006). Attachment style, empathy, and helping following a collective loss: Evidence from the September 11 terrorist attacks. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 1–9. doi:10.1080/14616730600585292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2010). The anatomy of anger: An integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression. Journal of Personality, 78, 9–38. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00607.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., & Wu, X. (2017). Moderating role of negative venting in the relationship between PTSD and violent behaviors and suicidal ideation in Chinese children after an earthquake. Child Indicators Research, 10, 221–230. doi:10.1007/s12187-016-9383-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Trevaskis, S., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. A. (2014). Relational victimization, loneliness and depressive symptoms: Indirect associations via self and peer reports of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 568–582. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9993-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar