202
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Driver Mortality in Frontal Crashes: Comparison of Newer and Older Airbag Designs

, &
Pages 24-30 | Received 07 Jun 2004, Accepted 02 Sep 2004, Published online: 18 Aug 2006

REFERENCES

  • Cammisa, M X, Reed, R T, Ferguson, S A, and Lund, A K, 2000. Driver Fatalities in Frontal Crashes of Airbag-Equipped Vehicles: A Review of 1989–96 NASS Cases. SAE 2000-01-1003. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2000.
  • Crandall, C S, Olson, L M, and Sklar, D P, 2001. Mortality reduction with air bag and seat belt use in head-on passenger car collisions, Am J Epidemiol Vol. 153 (2001), pp. 219–224, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
  • Cummings, P, McKnight, B, Rivara, F P, and Grossman, D C, 2002. Association of driver air bags with driver fatality: A matched cohort study, Br Med J Vol. 324 (2002), pp. 1119–1122.
  • Farmer, C M, Lund, A K, Trempel, R E, and Braver, E R, 1997. Fatal crashes of passenger vehicles before and after adding antilock braking systems, Accid Anal Prev Vol. 29 (1997), pp. 745–757, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
  • Federal Highway Administration, 2003. National Household Travel Survey, 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2003, Available: http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/index.shtml.
  • Ferguson, S A, 1996. Update on airbag performance in the United States: Benefits and problems. Presented at Airbag 2000+: Third International Symposium on Sophisticated Car Occupant Systems. 26–27, November, 1996.
  • Ferguson, S A, Lund, A K, and Greene, M A, 1995. Driver Fatalities in 1985–1994 Airbag Cars. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; 1995.
  • Ferguson, S A, Schneider, L, Segui-Gomez, M, Arbogast, K, Augenstein, J, and Digges, K H, 2003. The Blue Ribbon Panel on depowered and advanced airbags—status report on airbag performance. 22–24, September, 2003.
  • Glassbrenner, D, 2003. Safety Belt Use in 2003. Report DOT HS-809-646. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2003, Available: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/Rpts/2003/809646.pdf.
  • Hinch, J, Hollowell, W T, Kanianthra, J, Evans, W D, Klein, T, Longthorne, A, Ratchford, S, Morris, J, and Subramanian, R, 2001. "Air Bag Technology in Light Passenger Vehicles (Revision 2)". Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2001, Available: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-11/Hinch.pdf.
  • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2001. "Crashworthiness keeps getting better". In: Status Report. Vol. Vol. 36. Arlington, VA. 2001. pp. 1–7, Available: http://www.highwaysafety.org/srpdfs/sr3603.pdfNo. 3.
  • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2003. "25 versus 30: Institute and others support government decision to go with 25 mph speed for airbag testing with unbelted dummies". In: Status Report. Vol. Vol. 38. Arlington, VA. 2003. pp. 5–6, Available: http://www.highwaysafety. org/srpdfs/sr3803.pdfNo. 3.
  • Microsoft Corporation, 2000. Microsoft Excel, 2000. Redmond, WA. 2000.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1984. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. 49 Code of Federal Regulations 571.208. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 1984.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1989–2003. National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System 1988–2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 1989–2003.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1996. Third Report to Congress: Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use. Report DOT HS-809-442. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 1996, Available: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/airbags/208con2e.html.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1997. "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection". 62 Federal Register 12,960. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 1997.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1998. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection. 63 Federal Register 49,958. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 1998.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2000a. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection. 65 Federal Register 30,680. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2000a.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2000b. National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System: 2000 Coding and Editing Manual. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2000b, Available: http://www-nass.nhtsa.dot. gov/NASS/CDS/DataColl/man2000.pdf.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001–2003. Fatality Analysis Reporting System, 2000–2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2001–2003.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001a. Fifth/Sixth Report to Congress: Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use. Report DOT HS-809-442. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2001a, Available: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/Rpts/2002/809-442.pdf.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001b. "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection; Final Rule (49 CFR Part 571)". 66 Federal Register 65376–65421. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2001b.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2003. "What You Need to Know about Air Bags". Report DOT HS-809-575. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2003, Available: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/airbags/air-bags03/index.html.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2004. "National Center for Statistics and Analysis Special Crash Investigations Program: Airbag Fatality Summary Report and Tables". Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2004, Available: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/SCI/2Q_2004/ABFSISR.pdf.
  • Public Citizen, 2003. Air Bags Save Lives. Washington, DC. 2003, Available: http://www.publiccitizen.org/autosafety/Air_Bags/.
  • RL Polk and Company, 2001–2003. Vehicles in Operation Database. Southfield, MI. 2001–2003.
  • RTI International, 2001. SUDAAN Version 8. Research Triangle Park, NC. 2001.
  • SAS Institute Inc., 2001. SAS Version 8.2. Cary, NC. 2001.
  • Shkrum, M J, McClafferty, K J, Nowak, E S, and German, A, 2002. Driver and front seat passenger fatalities associated with air bag deployment. Part 2: A review of injury patterns and investigative issues, J Forensic Sci Vol. 47 (2002), pp. 1035–1040, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
  • Silcocks, P, 1994. Estimating confidence limits on a standardised mortality ratio when the expected number is not error free, J Epidemiol Community Health Vol. 48 (1994), pp. 313–317, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
  • Werner, J V, Robertson, S F, Ferguson, S A, and Digges, K H, 1997. "Injury Risks in Cars with Different Air Bag Deployment Rates". SAE 970491. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1997.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.