Cycle Helmets and Road Casualties in the UK

REFERENCES

• Adams , J and Hillman , M . 2001 . The risk compensation theory and cycle helmets . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 7 : pp. 89 – 91 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Attewell , R , Glase , K and McFadden , M . 2001 . Bicycle helmet efficacy: A meta-analysis . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 33 : pp. 345 – 352 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Bull , J and Roberts , B . 1973 . Road accident statistics—a comparison of police and hospital information . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 5 : pp. 45 – 53 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Cryer , P , Westrup , S , Cook , A , Ashwell , V , Bridger , P and Clarke , C . 2001 . Investigation of bias after data linkage of hospital admissions data to police road crash reports . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 7 : pp. 234 – 241 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Curnow , W . 2003 . The efficacy of bicycle helmets against brain injury . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 35 : pp. 287 – 292 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Department for Transport . 2001 . London : Road Accidents Great Britain, DfT .
   Google Scholar
• Depreitere , B , Van Linde , C , Maene , S , Plets , C , Sloten , J V , Van Audekercke , R , Van der Perre , G and Goffin , J . 2004 . Bicycle-related head injury: a study of 86 cases . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 36 : pp. 561 – 567 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , K and McCarthy , M . 1994 . Deaths of cyclists in London 1985–1992: The hazards of road traffic . BMJ , Vol. 308 June : pp. 1534 – 1537 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , K , Inwood , C and Sexton , B . 2003 . Cycle Helmet Wearing in 2002, TRL report TRL578 , Surrey, , United Kingdom : Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne .
   Google Scholar
• Hastie , T J and Tibshirani , R J . 1990 . Genereralized Additive Models , New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , P . 2003 . Safety in numbers: more walkers and cyclists, safer walking and bicycling . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 9 : pp. 205 – 209 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• James , H . 1991 . Underreporting of road traffic accidents . Traff. Eng. Cont. , Vol. 32 : pp. 574 – 583 .
   Google Scholar
• Keigan , M , Broughton , J and Tunbridge , R J . 1999 . Linkage of “Stats19” and Scottish Hospital In-Patient Data—Analysis for 1980–1995, Report Number TRL420 , Surrey, , UK : Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne .
   Google Scholar
• Kendrick , D and Royal , S . 2003 . Inequalities in cycle helmet use: Cross sectional survey in schools in deprived areas of Nottingham . Arch. Dis. Child. , Vol. 88 : pp. 876 – 880 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Lardelli-Claret , P , de Dios Luna-del-Castillo , J , Jimenez-Moleon , J , Garcia-Martin , M , Bueno-Cavanillas , A and Galvez-Vargas , R . 2003 . Risk compensation theory and voluntary helmet use by cyclists in Spain . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 9 : pp. 128 – 132 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Lawlor , D A , Davey-Smith , G and Ebrahim , S . 2004 . Commentary: The hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: Is this the death of observational eidemiology? . Inter. J. Epidemiol. , Vol. 33 : pp. 464 – 467 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• MacPherson , A , Parkin , P and To , T . 2001 . Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to cycling . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 7 : pp. 228 – 230 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Maimaris , C , Summer , C , Browning , C and Palmer , C . 1994 . Injury patterns in cyclists attending an accident and emergency department: A comparison of helmet wearers and non-wearers . BMJ , Vol. 308 : pp. 1537 – 1540 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P and Nelder , J A . 1989 . Generalised Linear Models () , 2nd edition , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Nelder , J and Wedderburn , R . 1972 . Generalized linear models . J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Series A , Vol. 135 : pp. 370 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team . 2004 . R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing , Vienna : R Foundation for Statistical Computing .
   Google Scholar
• Rivara , F , Thompson , D C and Thompson , R . 1997 . Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 3 : pp. 110 – 114 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Rivara , F P , Astley , S J , Clarren , S K , Thompson , D C and Thompson , R S . 1999 . Fit of bicycle safety helmets and risk of head injuries in children . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 5 : pp. 194 – 197 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , D . 1996 . Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 28 : pp. 463 – 475 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , D . 2001 . Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 33 : pp. 687 – 691 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , M L . 1993 . Simpson's paradox and related phenomena . J. Ame. Stat. Assoc. , Vol. 88 : pp. 81 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Scuffham , P , Alsop , J , Cryer , C and Langley , J D . 2000 . Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 32 : pp. 565 – 573 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Scuffham , P and Langley , J . 1997 . Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 29 : pp. 1 – 9 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Spaite , D , Murphy , M , Criss , E , Valenzuela , T and Meislin , H . 1991 . A prospective analysis of injury severity among helmeted and non-helmeted bicyclists involved in collision with motor vehicles . J. Trauma. , Vol. 31 : pp. 1510 – 1516 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S , Acton , C , Nixon , J , Battistutta , D , Pitt , W and Clark , R . 1994 . Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: A case-control study . BMJ , Vol. 308 : pp. 173 – 176 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , D , Rivara , F and Thompson , R . 2001 . Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (cochrane review) . The Cochrane Review , Vol. 2 [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , R , Rivara , F and Thompson , D . 1989 . A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets . New Eng. J. Med. , Vol. 320 : pp. 1361 – 1367 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Towner , E , Downswell , T , Burkes , M , Dickinson , H , Towner , J and Hayes , M . 2002 . Bicycle Helmets—A Review of Their Effectiveness: A Critical Review of the Literature, Road Safety Research Report No. 30 , London : Department for Transport .
   Google Scholar
• Wilding , P . 2002 . The 2002 Quality Review of Road Accident Statistics. Road Accidents Great Britain 2001: The Casualty Report, 32–37
   Google Scholar
• Wood , S N . 2000 . Modelling and smoothing parameter estimation with multiple quadratic penalties . J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Series B , Vol. 62 : pp. 413 – 428 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar