An Evaluation of the Association Between Vehicle Type and the Source and Severity of Pedestrian Injuries

REFERENCES

• AAAM . 1990 . Abbreviated Injury Scale—1990 revision , Baltimore : Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , S J. 1980 . A preliminary assessment of the potential for pedestrian injury reduction through vehicle design . STAPP , Vol. 801315 : pp. 609 – 635 .
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , S J , Bismon , S and Driscoll , C. 1979 . Patterns of injury in pedestrian accidents . American Association for Automotive Medicine , : pp. 185 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , S J , Pedder , J B and Mackay , G M. Pedestrian injuries, the bumper and other front structures . International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact . pp. pp. 33 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Ballesteros , M F , Dischinger , P C and Langenberg , P. 2004 . Pedestrian injuries and vehicle type in Maryland, 1995–1999 . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 36 : pp. 73 – 81 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Chidester , A B and Isenberg , R A. 2001 . Final Report—The Pedestrian Crash Data Study , pp. 1 – 12 . Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Coley , G , de Lange , R , de Oliviera , P , Neal-Sturgess , C E and Happee , R. Pedestrian human body validation using detailed real world accidents . IRCOBI conference-Isle of Man . pp. pp. 89 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , J R , Bhalla , K S and Madeley , N J. 2002 . Designing road vehicles for pedestrian protection . BMJ , Vol. 324 : pp. 1145 – 1148 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Danner , M , Langwieder , K and Wachter , W. 1979 . Injuries to pedestrian in real accidents and their relation to collision and car characteristics . STAPP , Vol. 791008 : pp. 161 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , K and Green , J. 1999 . Analysis of the inter-relationship of pedestrian leg and pelvis injuries . IRCOBI , : pp. 355 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Henary , B Y , Crandall , J , Bhalla , K , Mock , C N and Roudsari , B S. 2003 . Child and adult pedestrian impact: The influence of vehicle type on injury severity . Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med. , Vol. 47 : pp. 105 – 126 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Isenberg , R , Chidester , C and Mavros , S. 1998 . Update on the pedestrian crash data study pcds . 16th ESV , : pp. 1212 – 1223 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett , K and Saul , R. 1998 . Pedestrian injury: Analysis of the pcds field collision data . 16th ESV , : pp. 1204 – 1223 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lane , P , McClafferty , K and Nowak , E. 1994 . Pedestrians in real world collisions . J. Trauma , Vol. 36 : pp. 231 – 236 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lefler , D and Gabler , H. 2001 . The emerging threat of light truck impacts with pedestrians . 17th ESV , : pp. 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefler , D and Gabler , H. 2004 . The fatality and injury risk of light truck impacts with pedestrians in the united states . Acc. Ana. Pre. , Vol. 36 : pp. 295 – 304 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , K and Kajzer , J. 1998 . Compatibility problems in frontal, side single car collisions and car-to-pedestrian accidents in Japan . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 31 : pp. 381 – 391 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Needlman , R D. 2000 . “ The second year ” . In Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. , 16th Ed , Edited by: Behrman , R E , Kliegman , R M and Jenson , H B . pp. 39 – 41 . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA . 1994 . National Accident Sampling System. Pedestrian Crash Data Study. 1994 Data Collection, Coding, and Editing Manual , pp. 1 – 25 . Washington, DC : US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA . 2001 . Traffic Safety Facts 2000: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system , pp. 128 – 132 . Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• NHTSA . 2002 . Traffic Safety Facts 2002—Pedestrians , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administrationl .
   Google Scholar
• Niederer , P and Schlumpf , M. 1984 . Influence of vehicle front geometry on impacted pedestrian kinematics . STAPP , Vol. 841663 : pp. 135 – 147 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Otte , D. 1994 . Influence of the fronthood length for the safety of pedestrians in car accidents and demands to the safety of small vehicles . STAPP , Vol. 942232 : pp. 391 – 401 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Otte , D. Severity and mechanism of head impacts in car to pedestrian accidents . IRCOBI Conference . pp. pp. 329 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Otte , D. 2000 . Accident reconstruction methods . Workshop on Biomechanics of Vulnerable Road Users , : pp. 1 – 23 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Roudsari , B , Mock , C , Kaufman , R , Grossman , D , Henary , B and Crandall , J. 2004 . Pedestrian crashes: Higher injury severity and mortality rate for light truck vehicles compared with passenger vehicles . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 10 : pp. 154 – 158 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Sakurai , M , Kobayashi , K , Ono , K and Sasaki , A. Evaluation of pedestrian protection test procedure in Japan . The 14th ESV Conference 94-S7-O-01 . pp. pp. 1114 – 1130 .
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder , G , Konosu , A , Ishikawa , H and Kajzer , J. Injury mechanism of pedestrians during a front-end collision with a late model car . JSAE Conference Spring . pp. pp. 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Siberry , G K . 2000 . “ Growth charts ” . In The Harriet Lane Handbook, , 15th Ed. , Edited by: Siberry , G K and Iannone , R . pp. 288 – 291 . St. Louis, Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Stammen , J , Saul , R and Ko , B. Pedestrian head impact testing and pcds reconstructions . 17th ESV Conference .
   Google Scholar
• van Rooij , L , Bhalla , K , Meissner , M , Ivarsson , J and Crandall , J. Pedestrian crash reconstruction using multi-body modeling with geometrically detailed, validated vehicle models and advanced pedestrian injury criteria . The 18th ESV Conference . pp. pp. 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Zajac , S S and Ivan , J N. 2003 . Factors influencing injury severity of motor vehicle-crossing pedestrian crashes in rural connecticut . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 35 : pp. 369 – 379 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar