A New Look at NHTSA's Evaluation of the 1984 Charlottesville Sobriety Checkpoint Program: Implications for Current Checkpoint Issues

REFERENCES

• Box , G EP and Tiao , G C . 1975 . Intervention analysis with applications to economic and environmental problems . Journal of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 70 ( 3 ) : 70 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Elder , R W , Shults , R A , Sleet , D A , Nichols , J L , Zaza , S and Thompson , R S . 2002 . Effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints for reducing alcohol-involved crashes . Traffic Injury Prevention , Vol. 3 : 266 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Epperlein , T . 1985 . The use of sobriety checkpoints as a deterrent: an impact assessment , Phoenix, AZ : for the Arizona Department of Public Safety .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , C M , Wells , J K , Ferguson , S A and Voas , R B . 1999 . Field evaluation of the PAS III passive alcohol sensor . Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control , Vol. 1 ( 1 ) : 55 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Fell , J C , Ferguson , S A , Williams , A F and Fields , M . 2003 . Why are sobriety checkpoints not widely adopted as an enforcement strategy in the United States? . Accident Analysis and Prevention , Vol. 35 ( 6 ) : 897 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , S A , Wells , J K and Lund , A K . 1995 . The role of passive alcohol sensors in detecting alcohol-impaired drivers at sobriety checkpoints . Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving , Vol. 11 : 23 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Foss , R D , Beirness , D J , Tolbert , W G , Wells , J K and Williams , A F . . Effect of an intensive sobriety checkpoint program on driving-driving in North Carolina . Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety . Edited by: Mercier-Guyon , C . pp. 943 – 948 . Annecy, , France : Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Medecine du Trafic .
   Google Scholar
• Heeren , T , Smith , R A , Morelock , S and Hingson , R W . 1985 . Surrogate measures of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes: are conventional indicators adequate? . Journal of Safety Research , Vol. 16 ( 3 ) : 127 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ifft , R A . 1983 . Curbing the drunk driver under the fourth amendment: the constitutionality of roadblock seizures . The Georgetown Law Journal , Vol. 71 ( 5 ) : 1457 – 1486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , I S and Lund , A K . 1985 . Detection of alcohol-impaired drivers using passive alcohol sensor . Journal of Police Sc Administration , Vol. 145 ( 2 ) : 153 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Lacey , J H , Jones , R K and Smith , R G . 1999 . An evaluation of checkpoint tennessee: tennessee's statewide sobriety checkpoint program (Final Report DOT HS 808 841) , Washington, DC : for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Lacey , J H , Kelley-Baker , T , Ferguson , S A and Rider , R P . 2006 . Low manpower checkpoints: can they provide effective DUI enforcement for small communities? . Traffic Injury Prevention , Vol. 7 : 213 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Lacey , J H , Rudisill , L C , Popkin , C L and Stewart , J R . 1986 . Education for drunk drivers: how well has it worked in North Carolina? . Popular Government , Vol. 51 ( 3 ) : 44 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , D , Asch , P and Shea , D . 1990 . An assessment of county programs to reduce driving while intoxicated . Health Education Resource , Vol. 5 : 247 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , D , Shea , D and Asch , P . 1988 . Traffic safety effects of sobriety checkpoints and other local DWI programs in New Jersey . American Journal of Public Health , Vol. 79 : 291 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarttt , A T , Geary , L L and Nissen , W J . 2002 . Observational study of the extent of driving while suspended for alcohol-impaired driving (DOT HS 809 491) , Washington, DC : for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , T R , Galbraith , M and Lawrence , B A . 1998 . Costs and benefits of a community sobriety checkpoint program . Journal of Studies Alcohol , Vol. 59 ( 4 ) : 465 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2006 . Low staffing sobriety checkpoints (DOT HS 810 590) , Washington, DC : for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Peek-Asa , C . 1999 . The effect of random alcohol screening in reducing motor vehicle crash injuries . American Journal of Preventitive Medicine , Vol. 16 ( 1S ) : 57 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , H and Gonzales , P . 1988 . The Effect of license revocation on drunk-driving offenders . Accident Analysis and Prevention , Vol. 20 ( 5 ) : 379 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , H L . 1992 . The deterrent capability of sobriety checkpoints: summary of the American literature (Final Report DOT HS 807 862) , Washington, DC : for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Shults , R A , Elder , R W Sleet , D A . 2001 . Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving . American Journal of Preventitive Medicine , Vol. 21 : 66 – 88 . (4 Suppl)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuster , J W and Blowers , M A . 1995 . Experimental evaluation of sobriety checkpoint programs (Final Report DOT HS 808 287) , Washington, DC : for the National Highway Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B . 1983 . Laboratory and field tests of a passive alcohol sensing system . Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving , Vol. 4 ( 3 ) : 3 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B , Lacey , J H and Fell , J C . 2005 . “ The “PASpoint” system—passive sensors at mini-checkpoints: bringing Australia's random breath-test system to the United States ” . In Tr Circular E-C072: Implementing Impaired Driving Countermeasures: Putting Research into Action (a Symposium, August 21-23, 2003, Irvine, Ca) , Edited by: Spellman , P and Gawel , J . 45 – 53 . Washington, DC : Transportation Research Board of the National Academies .
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B and Layfield , W A . 1983 . Creating general deterrence: can passive sensing help? . The Police Chief , Vol. 50 : 56 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B , Rhodenizer , A E and Lynn , C . 1985 . Evaluation of Charlottesville checkpoint operations (Final Report DOT HS 806 989) , Washington, DC : for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . (Available in hard copy format only from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.)
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B , Romano , E and Peck , R . 2006 . Validity of the passive sensor for identifying high BAC drivers at the crash scene . Journal of Studies of Alcohol , Vol. 67 ( 5 ) : 714 – 721 .
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B , Tippetts , A S and Taylor , E P . 2002 . The Illinois. 08 law: an evaluation . J Safety Res , Vol. 33 ( 1 ) : 73 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , J K , Preusser , D F and Williams , A F . 1992 . Enforcing alcohol-impaired driving and seat belt use laws, Binghamton, New York . Journal of Safety Research , Vol. 23 : 63 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar