Load Limiting Behavior in CRS Tether Anchors as a Method to Mitigate Head and Neck Injuries Sustained by Children in Frontal Crash

REFERENCES

• American Standard of Testing Methods . 2004 . “ Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials [Metric] ” . In Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Philadelphia : ASTM . Designation: E8M-01
   Google Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Cornejo , R A , Kallan , M J , Winston , F K and Durbin , D R . 2002 . Injuries to Children in Forward Facing Child Restraints . Annual Proceedings of the Association of Advancement of Automotive Medicine , Vol. 46 : 212 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Arbogast , K B , Durbin , D R , Cornejo , R A , Kallan , M J and Winston , F K. 2004 . An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Forward Facing Child Restraint Systems . Acc. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 36 ( 4 ) : 585 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J K , Ping , Y , Wang , S and Ehrlich , P E . 2006 . Patterns of Severe Injury in Pediatric Car Crash Victims: Crash Injury Research Engineering Network Database . J. Ped. Trauma , Vol. 41 ( 2 ) : 362 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R L , Brunn , M A and Garcia , V F . 2001 . Cervical Spine Injuries in Children; A Review of 103 Patients Treated Consecutively at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Centre . J. Ped. Surg. , Vol. 36 : 107 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirak , B , Ziegfeld , S , Knight , V M , Chang , D , Avellino , A M and Paidas , C N . 2004 . Spinal Injuries in Children . J. Ped. Surg. , Vol. 39 ( 4 ) : 607 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai , L Y , Ni , B and Yuan , W . 1999 . Pediatric Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries. China . J. Ped. Sur. , Vol. 20 : 96 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• DeSantis-Klinich , K , Saul , R A , Auguste , G , Backaitis , S and Kleinberger , M . 1996 . Techniques for Developing Child Dummy Protection Reference Values NHTSA Event Report, Docket Submission #74–14, Notice 97 Item 069
   Google Scholar
• Dublin , A B , Marks , W M and Weinstock , D . 1980 . Traumatic Dislocation of the Atlanto-Occipital Articulation (AOA) with Short-Term Survival. With a Radiographic Method of Measuring the AOA . J. Neurosurg. , Vol. 52 : 541 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppinger , R , Sun , E , Bandak , F , Haffner , M , Khaewpong , N , Maltese , M , Kuppa , S , Nguyen , T , Takhounts , E , Tannous , R , Zhang , A and Saul , R . 1999 . Development of Improved Injury Criteria for the Assessment of Advanced Automotive Restraint Systems—II , Washington , DC : National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• 2003 . Federal Register , Vol. 68 ( 121 ) : 1 – 40 . Final Rule, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 213. Child Restraint Systems 49 CFR Part 571, Docket No. NHTSA-03-15351
   Google Scholar
• 2001 . Washington , DC FMVSS 213: Child Restraint Systems. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Part 571, Standard 213
   Google Scholar
• Gotschall , C S , Luchter , S and Wing , J S . Head Injuries to Motor Vehicle Occupants Aged 0–5 Years . 43rd Annual Proceedings . Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Hallquist , J O . 1998 . LS-DYNA Theoretical Manual , Livermore , CA : Livermore Software Technology Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Hause , M , Hoshiro , R and Omata , S . 1974 . Cervical Spine Injuries in Children . Fukushima J. Med. Sci. , Vol. 20 : 114
   Google Scholar
• Howard , A , McKeag , A M , Rothman , L , German , A , Hale , I , Emam , Aly , Altenhof , W and Turchi , R . 2003 . Cervical Spine Injuries in Children Restrained in Forward Facing Child Restraints . Proceedings of the Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference XIII . 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Kokoska , E R , Leller , M S , Rallo , M C and Weber , T R . 2001 . Characteristics of Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries . J. Ped. Surg. , Vol. 36 : 100 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LS-DYNA Model of the Hybrid III . 2000 . 3 Year Old Child Dummy-Version 2.3B2 Plymouth , MI Users Manual, First Technology Safety Systems
   Google Scholar
• 2006 . LS-DYNA Model of the Q3 Dummy Version 1.0 beta Plymouth , MI Users Manual, First Technology Safety Systems
   Google Scholar
• McGrory , B J , Klassen , R A and Chao , E YS . 1993 . Acute Fractures and Dislocations of the Cervical Spine in Children and Adolescents . J. Bone Joint Surg. , Vol. 75 : 988 – 995 .
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , K , Iwata , K , Deguchi , T and Ikami , T . 2006a . Development of a Three-Year-Old Child FE Model . Traff. Inj. Prev. , Vol. 6 : 361 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , K , Iwata , K , Namikiri , T and Tanaka , N . 2006 . Comparison of Human FE Model and Crash Dummy Response in Various Child Restraint Systems . International Crashworthiness Conference . 2006 , Athens , Greece .
   Google Scholar
• Mousny , M , Saint-Martin , C , Danse , E and Rombouts , J J . 2001 . Unusual Upper Cervical Fracture in a 1 Year-Old Girl . J. Ped. Orthop. , Vol. 31 : 590 – 593 .
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2005 . Traffic Safety Facts 2005 , 1 – 6 . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Transportation . DOT HS 810 618
   Google Scholar
• Paine , M , Griffiths , M , Brown , J , Case , M and Johnstone , O . Protecting Children in Car Crashes: The Australian Experience . 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper # 193 . Nagoya , Japan . May .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , J C , Tepas , J J III , Mollitt , D L and Pieper , P . 2001 . Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries: Defining the Disease . J. Ped. Surg. , Vol. 36 : 373 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2005 . Advanced 3 Year Old Child Crash Test Dummy User's Manual, Version Aug Q3: rev. 3.1
   Google Scholar
• SAE J211/1 Instrumentation for Impact Test—Part 1—Electronic Instrumentation . 2003 . Warrendale , PA : Society of Automotive Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , C P , Fergusan , S A and Crandall , J R . 2003 . Factors Leading to Crash Fatalities to Children in Child Restraints . Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine , Vol. 47 : 343 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Sochor , M R , Faust , D P , Garton , H and Wang , S C . 2004 . Simulation of Occipitoatlantoaxial Injury Using a MADYMO Model . Conference Proceedings of the SAE World Congress, Detroit Michigan. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0326 . 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• April 26 2003 . Statistics Canada. Major Causes of Death , April 26 , Government of Canada . http://142.206.72.67/02/02b/02b_003_e.htm Accessed February, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Steinmetz , M P , Lechiner , R M and Anderson , J S . 2003 . Atlantoocciptial Dislocation in Children: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management . Neurosurg. Focus , Vol. 14 ( 2 ) : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Tingvall , C . 1987 . Children in Cars. Some Aspects of the Safety of Children as Car Passengers in Road Traffic Accidents . Acta Paediatrica Scandinevica ,
   Google Scholar
• September 2002 . Transport Canada September , http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/mvsa/regulations/mvsrg/210/mvs210_2.html Accessed February, 2007 Motor Vehicle Safety Acts
   Google Scholar
• 2003 . Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics (TP 3322)Transport Canada. Catalogue Number T 45–3/2001
   Google Scholar
• Turchi , R , Altenhof , W , Kapoor , T and Howard , A . 2004 . An Investigation into the Head and Neck Injury Potential of Three-Year-Old Children in Forward and Rearward Facing Child Safety Seats . Inter. J. Crashworthiness , Vol. 9 ( 4 ) : 419 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turchi , R , Altenhof , W , Kapoor , T and Howard , A . 2004b . An Investigation into the Head and Neck Injury Potential of Three-Year-Old Children in Forward and Rearward Facing Child Safety Seats . Inter. J. Crashworthiness , Vol. 10 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Q , Kapoor , T , Altenhof , W , Chen , L and Howard , A . Use of Rigid and Deformable Child Restraint Seats in Finite Element Simulations of Frontal Crashes . SAE 2006 Conference, SAE Paper # 2006-01-1141 . 2006a . April . Detroit , MI
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Q , Kapoor , T , Altenhof , W and Howard , A . 2006b . A Numerical Investigation into the Injury Potential of Three-Year-Old Children Seated in Forward Facing Child Safety Seats During Side Impact Crashes in Far Side Configurations . 9th International LS-DYNA Users Conference . 2006b , Dearborn , MI .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , K . 1995 . Rear-Facing Restraint for Small Child Passengers . UMTRI Research Review , Vol. 25 : 12 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , K . 2000 . Child Protection for Child Passengers . UMTRI Research Review , Vol. 31 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Kumaresan , S , Pintar , F A and Gennarelli , T A . 1999 . Biomechanical Tolerance Criteria for Pediatric Populations , 97 – 112 . London , , England : Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd. . AAAM-IRCOBI Child Occupant Protection
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , W , Kapoor , T , Tot , M , Altenhof , W , Howard , A and Mizuno , K . 2007 . A Comparison of the Kinematics of a Child Finite Element Model and the HYBRID III 3-Year-Old Dummies in Frontal Crashes Detroit , MI SAE 2007 World Congress, SAE Paper #2007-01-0977
   Google Scholar