Biomechanics of Cervical Facet Dislocation

REFERENCES

• Abdel-Aziz , Y I and Karara , H M . 1971 . “ Direct Linear Transformation from Comparator Coordinates into Object Space Coordinates in Close-Range Photogrammetry ” . In Symposium on Close-Range Photogrammetry 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , B L Jr , Ferguson , R L , Lehmann , T R and O'Brien , R P . 1982 . A Mechanistic Classification of Closed, Indirect Fractures and Dislocations of the Lower Cervical Spine . Spine , Vol. 7 : 1 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauze , R J and Ardran , G M . 1978 . Experimental Production of Forward Dislocation in the Human Cervical Spine . J Bone Joint Surg Br , Vol. 60-B : 239 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatson , T . 1963 . Fractures and Dislocations of the Cervical Spine . J Bone Joint Surg. , Vol. 45B : 21 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrino , J A , Manton , G L , Morrison , W B , Vaccaro , A R , Schweitzer , M E and Flanders , A E . 2006 . Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Status in Cervical Spine Bilateral Facet Dislocations . Skeletal Radiol. , Vol. 35 : 510 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , N R , Duggal , N , Chamberlain , R H , Park , S C , Sonntag , V K and Dickman , C A . 2002 . Unilateral Cervical Facet Dislocation: Injury Mechanism and Biomechanical Consequences . Spine , Vol. 27 : 1858 – 1864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , J F Jr. and Park , M C . 2007 . Single Level Arthrodesis as Treatment for Midcervical Fracture Subluxation: A Cohort Study . J. Spinal Disord. Tech. , Vol. 20 : 42 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Hott , J S , Feiz-Erfan , I , Kim , L J , Rekate , H L and Sonntag , V K . 2004 . Nonsurgical Treatment of a C6-7 Unilateral Locked Facet Joint in an Infant. Case Report . J. Neurosurg. , Vol. 100 : 220 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huelke , D F and Nusholtz , G S . 1986 . Cervical Spine Biomechanics: A Review of the Literature . J. Orthop. Res. , Vol. 4 : 232 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivancic , P C , Panjabi , M M and Ito , S . 2006 . Cervical Spine Loads and Intervertebral Motions during Whiplash . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 7 : 389 – 399 .
   Google Scholar
• Ivancic , P C , Panjabi , M M , Ito , S , Cripton , P A and Wang , J L . 2005 . Biofidelic Whole Cervical Spine Model with Muscle Force Replication for Whiplash Simulation . Eur. Spine J. , Vol. 14 : 346 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivancic , P C , Pearson , A M , Tominaga , Y , Simpson , A K , Yue , J J and Panjabi , M M . 2007 . Mechanism of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury during Bilateral Facet Dislocation . Spine , Vol. 32 : 2467 – 2473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivancic , P C , Wang , J L and Panjabi , M M . 2006 . Calculation of Dynamic Spinal Ligament Deformation . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 7 : 81 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , M G , Fisher , C G , Boyd , M , Pitzen , T , Oxland , T R and Dvorak , M F . 2004 . The Radiographic Failure of Single Segment Anterior Cervical Plate Fixation in Traumatic Cervical Flexion Distraction Injuries . Spine , Vol. 29 : 2815 – 2820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , S , Narayan , Y and Amell , T . 2003 . Analysis of Low Velocity Frontal Impacts . Clin. Biomech. , Vol. 18 : 694 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite , C C , Escobar , B E , Bazan , C 3rd and Jinkins , J R . 1997 . MRI of Cervical Facet Dislocation . Neuroradiology , Vol. 39 : 583 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw , J A , Mafoyane , N A , Small , B and Neser , C P . 1990 . Occlusion of the Vertebral Artery in Cervical Spine Dislocations . J. Bone Joint Surg. , Vol. 72 : 679 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale , R W , Carol Chancey , V , Ottaviano , D , Luck , J F , Tran , L , Prange , M and Myers , B S . 2007 . Flexion and Extension Structural Properties and Strengths for Male Cervical Spine Segments . J. Biomech. , Vol. 40 : 535 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale , R W , Winkelstein , B A , Knaub , K E , Richardson , W J , Luck , J F and Myers , B S . 2002 . Comparative Strengths and Structural Properties of the Upper and Lower Cervical Spine in Flexion and Extension . J. Biomech. , Vol. 35 : 725 – 732 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuckley , D J , Hertsted , S M , Eck , M P and Ching , R P . 2005 . Effect of Displacement Rate on the Tensile Mechanics of Pediatric Cervical Functional Spinal Units . J. Biomech. , Vol. 38 : 2266 – 2275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordonez , B J , Benzel , E C , Naderi , S and Weller , S J . 2000 . Cervical Facet Dislocation: Techniques for Ventral Reduction and Stabilization . J. Neurosurg. , Vol. 92 : 18 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi , M M , Cholewicki , J , Nibu , K , Babat , L B and Dvorak , J . 1998 . Simulation of Whiplash Trauma Using Whole Cervical Spine Specimens . Spine , Vol. 23 : 17 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi , M M , Pearson , A M , Ito , S , Ivancic , P C and Wang , J L . 2004 . Cervical Spine Curvature during Simulated Whiplash . Clin. Biomech. , Vol. 19 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi , M M , Simpson , A K , Ivancic , P C , Pearson , A M , Tominaga , Y and Yue , J J . 2007 . Cervical Facet Joint Kinematics during Bilateral Facet Dislocation . Eur. Spine J. , Vol. 16 : 1680 – 1688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , A M , Ivancic , P C , Ito , S and Panjabi , M M . 2004 . Facet Joint Kinematics and Injury Mechanisms during Simulated Whiplash . Spine , Vol. 29 : 390 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roaf , R . 1960 . A Study of the Mechanics of Spinal Injuries . J. Bone Joint Surg. , Vol. 42B : 810 – 823 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanmuganathan , K , Mirvis , S E and Levine , A M . 1994 . Rotational Injury of Cervical Facets: CT Analysis of Fracture Patterns with Implications for Management and Neurologic Outcome . Am. J. Roentgenol. , Vol. 163 : 1165 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccaro , A R , Madigan , L , Schweitzer , M E , Flanders , A E , Hilibrand , A S and Albert , T J . 2001 . Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Soft Tissue Disruption after Flexion-Distraction Injuries of the Subaxial Cervical Spine . Spine , Vol. 26 : 1866 – 1872 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasavada , A N , Li , S and Delp , S L . 2001 . Three-Dimensional Isometric Strength of Neck Muscles in Humans . Spine , Vol. 26 : 1904 – 1909 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar