Effectiveness of Media and Enforcement Campaigns in Increasing Seat Belt Usage Rates in a State with a Secondary Seat Belt Law

REFERENCES

• Agent , K R , Green , E R and Langley , R E . 2007 . Evaluation of Kentucky's “Buckle Up Kentucky: It's The Law & It's Enforced” 2007 Campaign , Lexington, KY : University of Kentucky, Lexington, and Kentucky State Police .
   Google Scholar
• Agent , K R , Green , E R and Langley , R E . 2008 . Evaluation of Kentucky's “Click It or Ticket” 2008 Campaign , Lexington, KY : University of Kentucky, Lexington, and Kentucky Transportation Cabinet .
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin , J M , Price , G N and Reinfurt , D . 1996 . Race and Seatbelts in North Carolina . Transport. Res. Rec. , Vol. 1560 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Blomberg , R D , Thomas , F D III and Cleven , A M . 2008 . Increasing Seat Belt Use Through State-Level Demonstration Projects: A Compendium of Initial Findings , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 811 014
   Google Scholar
• Blows , S , Ivers , R Q , Connor , J , Ameratunga , S , Woodward , M and Norton , R . 2005 . Seatbelt Non-use and Car Crash Injury: An Interview Study . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 6 ( 2 ) : 117 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , N C , Lambert , E W , Goldzweig , I A , Levine , R S and Warren , R C . 2008 . Driver and Passenger Seatbelt Use Among U.S. High School Students . Am. J. Prev. Med. , Vol. 35 : 224 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Dinh-Zarr , T B , Sleet , D A , Shults , R A , Zaza , S , Elder , R W , Nichols , J L , Thompson , R S and Sosin DM, and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services . 2001 . Reviews of Evidence Regarding Strategies to Increase the Use of Safety Belts . Am. J. Prev. Med. , Vol. 21 : 48 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund , J , Gilbert , S H , Ledingham , K and Preusser , D . 2008 . How States Achieve High Seat Belt Use Rates , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 810 962
   Google Scholar
• Houston , D J and Richardson , L E Jr. 2005 . Getting Americans to Buckle Up: The Efficacy of State Seat Belt Laws . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 37 : 1114 – 1120 .
   Google Scholar
• Houston , D J and Richardson , L E Jr. 2006 . Safety Belt Use and the Switch to Primary Enforcement, 1991–2003 . Am. J. Publ. Health , Vol. 96 ( 11 ) : 1949 – 1954 .
   Google Scholar
• Illinois DOT . 2004 . Evaluation of the “Click It or Ticket” Campaign During April–June 2004 Mobilization in Illinois , Springfield, IL : Illinois Department of Transportation .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , K and Yamashita , E . 2003 . Click It or Ticket Boosting Seatbelt Use in Hawaii . Transport. Res. Rec. , Vol. 1830 : 18 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Kostyniuk , L P , Eby , D W , Molnar , L J and Miller , L L . 2004 . Effects of Standard Enforcement on Safety Belt Citations in Michigan . Transport. Res. Rec. , Vol. 1835 : 14 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Koushki , P A , Ali , S Y and Al-Saleh , O I . 1996 . Safety-Belt Law in Kuwait: Observed and Reported Compliance and Impacts on Road Safety . Transport. Res. Rec. , Vol. 1560 : 13 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• McClave , J T and Sincich , T . 2000 . Statistics, , 8th ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Nambisan , S and Vasudevan , V . 2007 . Is Seatbelt Usage by Front Seat Passengers Related to Seatbelt Usage by Their Drivers? . J. Saf. Res. , Vol. 38 ( 5 ) : 545 – 555 .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. 2006 . Fatality Rates Nevada, US, and Best State , Washington, DC : National Center for Statistics and Analysis .
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2000 . Seatbelt Survey Regulation, Final Rule for Section 157 Surveys , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2005 . 2004 Motor Vehicle Occupant Protection Facts , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 810 653, Appendix B and Chart 6
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2006 . Traffic Safety Facts 2005 , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 810 631, Table 2
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , B J , Helgerson , S D and Harwell , T S . 2009 . Attitudes Towards a Primary Seat Belt Law among Adults in a Rural State with a Secondary Seat Belt Law . J. Saf. Res. , In Press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preusser Research Group. 2004 . Driver Telephone Survey Results: Nevada's Safety Belt Campaign—2004 , Oxford, MS : Preusser Research Group . Final Project Report Submitted to the Nevada Office of Traffic Safety
   Google Scholar
• Ramos , P , Díez , E , Pérez , K , Rodriguez-Martos , A , Brugal , M T and Villalbí , J R . 2008 . Young People's Perceptions of Traffic Injury Risks, Prevention and Enforcement Measures: A Qualitative Study . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 40 : 1313 – 1319 .
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R . 2005 . Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes as a Leading Cause of Death in the United States, 2002 , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 809 843
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian , R . 2006 . Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes as a Leading Cause of Death in the United States, 2003 , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 810 568
   Google Scholar
• Tison , J , Solomon , M G , Nichols , J , Gilbert , S H , Siegler , J N and Cosgrove , L A . 2008 . May 2006 “Click It or Ticket” Seat Belt Mobilization Evaluation: Final Report , Washington, D.C. : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 810 979
   Google Scholar
• USGAO . 2008 . Traffic Safety: Improved Reporting and Performance Measures Would Enhance Evaluation of High-Visibility Campaigns , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Accountability Office . Report No. GAO-08-477
   Google Scholar
• Vasudevan , V and Nambisan , S . 2003 . Safety Belt Usage Surveys 2003 , Las Vegas, NV : Transportation Research Center, University of Nevada . Final Project Report Submitted to the Nevada Office of Traffic Safety
   Google Scholar
• Vasudevan , V and Nambisan , S . 2004 . Safety Belt Usage Surveys 2004 , Las Vegas, NV : Transportation Research Center, University of Nevada . Final Project Report Submitted to the Nevada Office of Traffic Safety
   Google Scholar
• Vasudevan , V and Nambisan , S . 2005 . Safety Belt Usage Surveys 2005 , Las Vegas, NV : Transportation Research Center, University of Nevada . Final Project Report Submitted to the Nevada Office of Traffic Safety
   Google Scholar
• Vivoda , J M , St Louis , R M , Eby , D W and Kostyniuk , L P . 2007 . An Evaluation of the 2007 “Click It or Ticket” Safety Belt Mobilization in Florida , Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute . Report No. UMTRI-2007-30
   Google Scholar
• Voas , R B , Fell , J C , Tippetts , A S , Blackman , K and Nichols , J L . 2007 . Impact of Primary Safety Belt Laws on Alcohol-Related Front-Seat Occupant Fatalities: Five Case Studies . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 8 ( 3 ) : 232 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Walpole , R E , Myers , R H , Myers , S L and Ye , K . 2002 . Probability and Statistics for Engineers & Scientists, , 7th ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , A F and Wells , J K . 2004 . The Role of Enforcement Programs in Increasing Seatbelt Use . J. Saf. Res. , Vol. 35 : 175 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye , T J and Pickrell , T . 2008 . Seat Belt Use in 2007—Demographic Results, Research Note , Washington, D.C. : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Report No. DOT HS 810 932
   Google Scholar