Importance of Physical Properties of the Human Head on Head-Neck Injury Metrics

REFERENCES

• Backaitis , S H , ed. 1993 . Biomechanics of Impact Injury and Injury Tolerances of the Head-Neck Complex , Warrendale, PA : Society of Automotive Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Beier , G , Schuller , E , Schuck , M , Ewing , C L , Becker , E D and Thomas , D J . 1980 . Center of Gravity and Moments of Inertia of Human Heads. Proc . IRCOBI , : 218 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapline , J F , Ferguson , S A , Lillis , R P , Lund , A K and Williams , A F . 2000 . Neck Pain and Head Restraint Position Relative to the Driver's Head in Rear-end Collisions . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 32 ( No. 2 ) : 287 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , C R , Ducker , T B , Dvorak , J , Garffin , S R , Herkowitz , H N , Levine , A M , Pizzutillo , P D , Ulrich , C G and Zeidman , S M . 1998 . The Cervical Spine. , 3rd ed. , Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Clauser , C E , McConville , J and Young , J W . 1969 . Weight, Volume, and Center of Mass of Segments of the Human Body , OH : Wright Patterson Air Force Base .
   Google Scholar
• Cusick , J F , Pintar , F A and Yoganandan , N . 2001 . Whiplash Syndrome: Kinematic Factors Influencing Pain Patterns . Spine , Vol. 26 ( No. 11 ) : 1252 – 1258 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolinis , J . 1997 . Risk Factors for “Whiplash” in Drivers: A Cohort Study of Rear-end Traffic Crashes . Injury , Vol. 28 ( No. 3 ) : 173 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , C , Thomas , D , Lustick , L , Muzzy , W , Willimas , G and Majewski , P . . Dynamic Response of the Human and Neck to +Gy Acceleration . Proc. 21th Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 549 – 586 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , C , Thomas , D , Lustick , L , Muzzy , W , Willimas , G and Majewski , P . . Effect of the Initial Position on the Human Head and Neck Response to +Y Impact Acceleration . Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 103 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , C L . . Torque versus Angular Displacement Response of the Human Head to -Gx Impact Acceleration . Proc. 17th Stapp Conference . pp. 309 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , C L , Thomas , D J , Lustick , L , Becker , E , Willems , G and Muzzy , W H . . The Effect of the Initial Position of the Head and Neck on the Dynamic Response of the Human Head and Neck to -Gx Impact Acceleration . Proc. 19th Stapp Conference . pp. 487 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , M C . 1965 . Luschka's Joint , Springfield, IL : C C Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Heitplatz , F , Sferco , R , Fay , P , Reim , J , Kim , A and Prasad , P . . An Evaluation of Existing and Proposed Injury Criteria with Various Dummies to Determine Their Ability to Predict the Levels of Soft Tissue Neck Injury Seen in Real World Accidents . Proc. 18th Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles . pp. 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallieris , D , Boggasch , F and Mattern , R . 1996 . Protection for the Thorax Injury Severity in the 90-Degree Lateral Collision . Shock Vib. , Vol. 3 : 337 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallieris , D , Mattern , R , Schmidt , G and Eppinger , R H . . Quantification of Side Impact Responses and Injuries . Proc. Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 329 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , A , Anderson , K F , Berliner , J , Hassan , J , Jensen , J , Mertz , H J , Pietsch , H , Rao , A , Scherer , R and Sutterfield , A . 2003 . A Biofidelity Evaluation of the BioRID II, Hybrid III and RID2 for Use in Rear Impacts . Stapp Car Crash J. , Vol. 47 : 489 – 523 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , A and Prasad , P . 2000 . “ Hybrid III and Hybrid III with a TRID Neck in Low-speed Rear Impacts ” . In Frontiers in Whiplash Trauma: Clinical and Biomechanical , Edited by: Yoganandan , N. and Pintar , F. 435 – 454 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : IOS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kleinberger , M , Sun , E , Eppinger , R , Kuppa , S and Saul , R . 1998 . Development of Improved Injury Criteria for the Assessment of Advanced Automotive Restraint Systems , Washington, DC : National Hightway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Kumaresan , S , Yoganandan , N and Pintar , F A . 1997 . Finite Element Analysis of Anterior Cervical Spine Interbody Fusion . Biomed. Mater. Eng. , Vol. 7 ( No. 4 ) : 221 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumaresan , S , Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A and Maiman , D J . 1999 . Finite Element Modeling of the Cervical Spine: Role of Intervertebral Disc under Axial and Eccentric Loads . Med. Eng. Phys. , Vol. 21 ( No. 10 ) : 689 – 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Lind , B , Sihlbom , H , Nordwall , A and Malchau , H . 1989 . Normal Range of Motion of the Cervical Spine . Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. , Vol. 70 : 692 – 695 .
   Google Scholar
• McConville , J T , Churchill , T D , Kalpes , I , Clauser , C E and Cuzzi , J . 1980 . “ Anthropometric Relationship of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia ” . In Report of the Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division Air Force Systems Command , OH : Wright-Patterson Air Force Base . A.M.R. Laboratory
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh , A S , Kallieris , D and Frechede , B . 2007 . Neck Injury Tolerance under Inertial Loads in Side Impacts . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 39 ( No. 2 ) : 326 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Melvin , J W and Weber , K . 1985 . Review of Biomechanical Impact Response and Injury in the Automotive Environment , Ann Arbor, MI : UMTRI .
   Google Scholar
• Mertz , H J . 1967 . The Kinematics and Kinetics of Whiplash , Ph.D. dissertation Detroit, MI : Wayne State University .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , B S and Winkelstein , B . 1995 . Epidemiology, Classification, Mechanism, and Tolerance of Human Cervical Spine Injuries . Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. , Vol. 23 ( No. 5 ) : 307 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Padgaonkar , A J , Krieger , K W and King , A I . 1975 . Measurement of Angular Acceleration of a Rigid Body Using Linear Accelerometers . J. Appl. Mech. , Vol. 42 : 552 – 556 .
   Google Scholar
• Philippens , M , Wismans , J , Cappon , J , Yoganandan , N and Pintar , F . . Whole Body Kinematics Using Post Mortem Human Subjects in Experimental Rear Impact . Proc. IRCOBI . pp. 363 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Pintar , F , Yoganandan , N and Baisden , J . 2005 . Characterizing Occipital Condyle Loads under High-speed Head Rotation . Stapp Car Crash J. , Vol. 49 : 33 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Pintar , F A , Yoganandan , N and Voo , L . 1998 . Effect of Age and Loading Rate on Human Cervical Spine Injury Threshold . Spine , Vol. 23 ( No. 18 ) : 1957 – 1962 .
   Google Scholar
• Richter , M , Otte , D , Pohlemann , T , Krettek , C and Blauth , M . 2000 . Whiplash-type Neck Distortion in Restrained Car Drivers: Frequency, Causes and Long-term Results . Eur. Spine J. , Vol. 9 ( No. 2 ) : 109 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt , K U , Muser , M , Walz , F and Niederer , P . 2002 . Nkm—A Proposal for a Neck Protection Criterion for Low-speed Rear-end Impacts . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 3 ( No. 2 ) : 117 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Stemper , B , Yoganandan , N , Gennarelli , T and Pintar , F . . Toward a Lower Neck Rear Impact Injury Criterion—Correlation of Lower Neck Loads with Spinal Kinematics . Proc. IRCOBI . pp. 249 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Stemper , B D , Yoganandan , N and Pintar , F A . 2003 . Gender Dependent Cervical Spine Segmental Kinematics during Whiplash . J. Biomech. , Vol. 36 ( No. 9 ) : 1281 – 1289 .
   Google Scholar
• Stemper , B D , Yoganandan , N and Pintar , F A . 2004 . Gender- and Region-Dependent Local Facet Joint Kinematics in Rear Impact: Implications in Whiplash Injury . Spine , Vol. 29 ( No. 16 ) : 1764 – 1771 .
   Google Scholar
• Thunnissen , J , Wismans , J , Ewing , C L and Thomas , D J . . Human Volunteer Head-Neck Response in Frontal Flexion: A New Analysis . Proc. 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 439 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• van den Kroonenberg , A , Philippens , M , Cappon , H , Wismans , J , Hell , W and Langwieder , K . . Human Head-Neck Response during Low-speed Rear End Impacts . Proc. 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 207 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Viano , D C . 2003 . Seat Influences on Female Neck Responses in Rear Crashes: A Reason Why Women Have Higher Whiplash Rates . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 4 ( No. 3 ) : 228 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , L B , Harris , E H and Pontius , U . . Mass, Volume, Center of Mass, and Mass Moment of Inertia of Head and Head and Neck of Human Body . Proc. Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 525 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Winkelstein , B and Myers , B . 1998 . “ Determinants of Catastrophic Neck Injury ” . In Frontiers in Head and Neck Trauma: Clinical and Biomechanical , Edited by: Yoganandan , N. , Pintar , F. A. , Larson , S. and Sances , A. J. 266 – 295 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : IOS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wismans , J , Philippens , M , van Oorschot , E , Kallieris , D and Mattern , R . . Comparison of Human Volunteer and Cadaver Head-Neck Response in Frontal Flexion . Proc. 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Wismans , J and Spenny , C H . . Performance Requirements for Mechanical Necks in Lateral Flexion . Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 137 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Wismans , J and Spenny , C H . . Head-Neck Response in Frontal Flexion . Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 161 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Wismans , J , Van Oorschot , H and Woltring , H J . . Omni-directional Human Head-Neck Response . Proc. 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 313 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Haffner , M , Maiman , D J , Nichols , H , Pintar , F A , Jentzen , J , Weinshel , S , Larson , S J and Sances , A Jr. 1990 . Epidemiology and Injury Biomechanics of Motor Vehicle Related Trauma to the Human Spine . SAE Trans. , Vol. 98 ( No. 6 ) : 1790 – 1807 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Knowles , S A , Maiman , D J and Pintar , F A . 2003 . Anatomic Study of the Morphology of Human Cervical Facet Joint . Spine , Vol. 28 ( No. 20 ) : 2317 – 2323 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Kumaresan , S , Voo , L and Pintar , F A . 1997 . Finite Element Model of the Human Lower Cervical Spine: Parametric Analysis of the C4-C6 Unit . J. Biomech. Eng. , Vol. 119 ( No. 1 ) : 87 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A , Gennarelli , T A , Martin , P G and Ridella , S A . 2008 . Chest Deflections and Injuries in Oblique Lateral Impacts . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 9 ( No. 2 ) : 162 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A and Kleinberger , M . 1999 . Whiplash Injury. Biomechanical Experimentation . Spine , Vol. 24 ( No. 1 ) : 83 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A , Larson , S J and Sances , A Jr , eds. 1998 . Frontiers in Head and Neck Trauma: Clinical and Biomechanical , Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : IOS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A , Maiman , D J , Cusick , J F , Sances , A Jr and Walsh , P R . 1996 . Human Head-Neck Biomechanics under Axial Tension . Med. Eng. Phys. , Vol. 18 ( No. 4 ) : 289 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A , Maiman , D J , Philippens , M and Wismans , J . 2009 . Neck Forces and Moments and Head Accelerations in Side Impact . Traffic Inj. Prev. , Vol. 10 ( No. 1 ) : 51 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Pintar , F A , Stemper , B D , Schlick , M B , Philippens , M and Wismans , J . 2000 . Biomechanics of Human Occupants in Simulated Rear Crashes: Documentation of Neck Injuries and Comparison of Injury Criteria . Stapp Car Crash J. , Vol. 44 : 189 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Sances , A Jr , Maiman , D J , Myklebust , J B , Pech , P and Larson , S J . 1986 . Experimental Spinal Injuries with Vertical Impact . Spine , Vol. 11 ( No. 9 ) : 855 – 860 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoganandan , N , Zhang , J , Pintar , F A and King Liu , Y . 2006 . Light Weight Low-profile Nine-Accelerometer Package to Obtain Head Angular Accelerations in Short-duration Impacts . J. Biomech. , Vol. 39 : 1347 – 1354 .
   Google Scholar
• Youdas , J W , Garrett , T R , Suman , V J , Bogard , C L , Hallman , H O and Carey , J R . 1992 . Normal Range of Motion of the Cervical Spine: An Initial Goniometric Study . Phys. Ther. , Vol. 72 ( No. 11 ) : 770 – 780 .
   Google Scholar